{"id":1222,"date":"2019-04-15T17:09:18","date_gmt":"2019-04-15T17:09:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/?p=1222"},"modified":"2020-03-25T13:17:38","modified_gmt":"2020-03-25T13:17:38","slug":"cristianisme-1-33-324","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/cristianisme-1-33-324\/","title":{"rendered":"Cristianisme 1. 33 &#8211; 476"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[Dels pocs seguidors inicials, expansi\u00f3 pels viatges dels ap\u00f2stols, persecuci\u00f3, expansi\u00f3 i creaci\u00f3 d&#8217;estructures de bisbes, oficialitzaci\u00f3 per Constant\u00ed, definici\u00f3 del s\u00edmbol o Credo, consolidaci\u00f3 del Canon, escisi\u00f3 de l&#8217;ortod\u00f2xia Oriental, Monestirs]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Christianity#Early_Christianity_(c._31\/33%E2%80%93324)\">wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Els ap\u00f2stols prediquen el missatge de Jes\u00fas, segons\u00a0 els Actes. Els primers seguidors de Jes\u00fas eren jueus apocal\u00edptics.<\/p>\n<p>Una primera comunitat s&#8217;estableix a Antioquia [actualment Turquia, prop de S\u00edria, a la mateixa latitud que Alep.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sant_Pau_ap%C3%B2stol\">Pau de Tars<\/a> Pau \u00e9s descrit al Nou Testament com un jueu hel\u00b7lenitzat i ciutad\u00e0 rom\u00e0 de Tars, a la regi\u00f3 de Cil\u00edcia (avui dia a Turquia), erudit del judaisme de la branca dels fariseus, i perseguidor dels cristians abans de la seva conversi\u00f3 pel cam\u00ed de Damasc en la qual Pau va sentir la veu de Jes\u00fas, i es va convertir al cristianisme. Despr\u00e9s de ser acceptat per la resta dels ap\u00f2stols, va rebre l&#8217;enc\u00e0rrec de predicar l&#8217;evangeli als &#8220;gentils&#8221; (\u00e9s a dir, els no jueus) de l&#8217;imperi rom\u00e0, portant el missatge del cristianisme a nombroses regions d&#8217;\u00c0sia Menor i d&#8217;Europa incloent Roma i, segons la tradici\u00f3, encara que no est\u00e0 escrit a la B\u00edblia, tamb\u00e9 a Hisp\u00e0nia. Se li atribueix l&#8217;escriptura de catorze cartes o ep\u00edstoles, conegudes com a Ep\u00edstoles Paulines que constitueixen el fonament teol\u00f2gic i eclesiol\u00f2gic del Nou Testament i d&#8217;orientar definitivament la comunitat religiosa a superar la hipoteca d&#8217;un judaisme nacionalista i tancat que n&#8217;amena\u00e7ava la universalitat. Pau \u00e9s venerat com a sant per tota la cristiandat. La seva festivitat se celebra el 29 de juny juntament amb la de Sant Pere, mentre que la festivitat de la seva conversi\u00f3 \u00e9s el 25 de gener.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h5><span id=\"Proto-orthodox_Christianity\" class=\"mw-headline\">Proto-orthodox Christianity<\/span><\/h5>\n<div class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" role=\"note\">Main article: <a title=\"Proto-orthodox Christianity\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proto-orthodox_Christianity\">Proto-orthodox Christianity<\/a><\/div>\n<p>The development of doctrine, the position of orthodoxy, and the relationship between the various opinions is a matter of continuing academic debate. Since most Christians today subscribe to the doctrines established by the <a title=\"Nicene Creed\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicene_Creed\">Nicene Creed<\/a>, modern Christian theologians tend to regard the early debates as a <a title=\"Proto-orthodox Christianity\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proto-orthodox_Christianity\">unified orthodox position<\/a> against a minority of heretics. Other scholars, drawing upon distinctions between <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Jewish Christians\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jewish_Christians\">Jewish Christians<\/a>, <a title=\"Pauline Christianity\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pauline_Christianity\">Pauline Christianity<\/a>, and other groups such as <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Marcionites\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marcionites\">Marcionites<\/a> and <a title=\"Montanism\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montanism\">Montanists<\/a>, argue that <a title=\"Early Christianity\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_Christianity\">early Christianity<\/a> was always fragmented, with contemporaneous competing beliefs.<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Christianity#cite_note-14\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h5><span id=\"Church_Structure_and_the_episcopacy\" class=\"mw-headline\">Church Structure and the episcopacy<\/span><\/h5>\n<p>In the post-Apostolic church, bishops emerged as overseers of urban Christian populations, and a hierarchy of clergy gradually took on the form of <i><a title=\"Bishop\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bishop\">episkopos<\/a><\/i> (overseers, in-spectors; and the origin of the term <a title=\"Bishop\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bishop\">bishop<\/a>) and <i><a title=\"Presbyter\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Presbyter\">presbyters<\/a><\/i> (<a title=\"Elder (Christianity)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elder_(Christianity)\">elders<\/a>; and the origin of the term <a title=\"Priest\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Priest#Christianity\">priest<\/a>), and then <i><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Deacons\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deacons\">deacons<\/a><\/i> (servants). But this emerged slowly and at different times for different locations. Clement, a 1st-century bishop of Rome, refers to the leaders of the Corinthian church in <a title=\"First Epistle of Clement\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Epistle_of_Clement\">his epistle to Corinthians<\/a> as bishops and presbyters interchangeably. The New Testament writers also use the terms overseer and elders interchangeably and as synonyms.<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Christianity#cite_note-15\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Post-apostolic bishops of importance include <a title=\"Polycarp\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polycarp\">Polycarp of Smyrna<\/a>, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Clement I\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clement_I\">Clement of Rome<\/a>, and <a title=\"Ignatius of Antioch\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ignatius_of_Antioch\">Ignatius of Antioch<\/a>. These men reportedly knew and studied under the apostles personally and are therefore called <a title=\"Apostolic Fathers\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apostolic_Fathers\">Apostolic Fathers<\/a>. Each Christian community also had <a title=\"Presbyter\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Presbyter\">presbyters<\/a>, as was the case with Jewish communities, who were also ordained and assisted the bishop. As Christianity spread, especially in rural areas, the presbyters exercised more responsibilities and took distinctive shape as priests. Lastly, <a title=\"Deacon\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deacon\">deacons<\/a> also performed certain duties, such as tending to the poor and sick. In the 2nd century, an episcopal structure becomes more visible, and in that century this structure was supported by teaching on <a title=\"Apostolic succession\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apostolic_succession\">apostolic succession<\/a>, where a bishop becomes the spiritual successor of the previous bishop in a line tracing back to the apostles themselves.<\/p>\n<p>The diversity of early Christianity can be documented from the New Testament record itself. The <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Book of Acts\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_Acts\">Book of Acts<\/a> admits conflicts between Hebrews and Hellenists, and Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians, and <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Aramaic of Jesus\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aramaic_of_Jesus\">Aramaic speakers<\/a> and <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Greek Primacy\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_Primacy\">Greek speakers<\/a>. The letters of Paul, Peter, John, and Jude all testify to intra-Church conflicts over both leadership and theology. In a response to the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Gnostic\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gnostic\">Gnostic<\/a> teaching, <a title=\"Irenaeus\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irenaeus\">Irenaeus<\/a> created the first document describing what is now called <a title=\"Apostolic succession\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apostolic_succession\">apostolic succession<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-langan107_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Christianity#cite_note-langan107-16\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>As Christianity spread, it acquired certain members from well-educated circles of the Hellenistic world; they sometimes became bishops, but not always. They produced two sorts of works: theological and &#8220;<a title=\"Christian apologetics\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_apologetics\">apologetic<\/a>&#8220;, the latter being works aimed at defending the faith by using reason to refute arguments against the veracity of Christianity. These authors are known as the <a title=\"Church Fathers\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_Fathers\">Church Fathers<\/a>, and study of them is called <a title=\"Patristics\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patristics\">patristics<\/a>. Notable early Fathers include <a title=\"Ignatius of Antioch\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ignatius_of_Antioch\">Ignatius of Antioch<\/a>, <a title=\"Polycarp\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polycarp\">Polycarp<\/a>, <a title=\"Justin Martyr\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Justin_Martyr\">Justin Martyr<\/a>, <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Irenaeus of Lyons\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irenaeus_of_Lyons\">Irenaeus of Lyons<\/a>, <a title=\"Tertullian\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tertullian\">Tertullian<\/a>, <a title=\"Clement of Alexandria\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clement_of_Alexandria\">Clement of Alexandria<\/a>, and <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Origen of Alexandria\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Origen_of_Alexandria\">Origen of Alexandria<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>El 313 Constant\u00ed i Licinius emeten l&#8217;edicte de Mil\u00e0 que oficialitza la religi\u00f3 cristiana. La mare de Constant\u00ed, Helena, hauria viatjat a Jerusalem i fet construir una esgl\u00e9sia al lloc del Sant Sepulcre. Constant\u00ed construeix Constantinopla i en far\u00e0 la capital de l&#8217;imperi.<\/p>\n<p>Entre les comunitats hi ha un debat sobre la naturalesa de Jes\u00fas. L&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arianisme\">arrianisme<\/a> afirmava que &#8220;Arri sostenia que el Fill va ser la primera criatura creada per D\u00e9u abans del principi dels temps. Segons l&#8217;arrianisme, aquest Fill, que despr\u00e9s es va encarnar en Jes\u00fas, va ser un \u00e9sser creat amb atributs divins, per\u00f2 no era D\u00e9u en i per si mateix. &#8221;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>324 Concili de Nicea<\/p>\n<p>Es condemna l&#8217;Arrianisme.<\/p>\n<p>S&#8217;estableix el &#8220;s\u00edmbol de Nicea&#8221;, modificat despr\u00e9s a Constantinopla, que segueix essent pr\u00e0cticament el mateix:<\/p>\n<p>Crec en un sol D\u00e9u, Pare totpoder\u00f3s, Creador del cel i de la terra, De totes les coses visibles i invisibles<\/p>\n<p>I en un sol Senyor, Jesucrist, Fill Unig\u00e8nit de D\u00e9u, Nascut del Pare abans de tots els segles D\u00e9u nat de D\u00e9u, Llum resplendor de la Llum, D\u00e9u veritable nascut del D\u00e9u veritable, engendrat, no pas creat, de la mateixa naturalesa del Pare: per ell tota cosa fou creada El qual per nosaltres els homes I per la nostra salvaci\u00f3 davall\u00e0 del cel.<\/p>\n<p>I, per obra de l&#8217;Esperit Sant, s&#8217;encarn\u00e0 de la Verge Maria, i es f\u00e9u home. Crucificat despr\u00e9s per nosaltres sota el poder de Pon\u00e7 Pilat pat\u00ed i fou sepultat, i ressuscit\u00e0 el tercer dia, com deien ja les Escriptures, i se&#8217;n puj\u00e0 al cel, on seu a la dreta del Pare i tornar\u00e0 glori\u00f3s, a judicar els vius i els morts i el seu regnat no tindr\u00e0 fi. Crec en l&#8217;Esperit Sant Que \u00e9s Senyor i infon la vida Que procedeix del Pare i del Fill. I juntament amb el Pare i el Fill \u00e9s adorat i glorificat; que parl\u00e0 per boca del profetes.<\/p>\n<p>I en una sola Esgl\u00e9sia, santa, cat\u00f2lica i apost\u00f2lica. Professo que hi ha un sol baptisme per perdonar el pecat i espero la resurrecci\u00f3 dels morts, i la vida de la gl\u00f2ria. Am\u00e9n<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Organitzaci\u00f3<\/p>\n<p>Seguint l&#8217;estructura de l&#8217;impoeri es creen di\u00f2cesis regides per bisbes. Les principals s\u00f3n Roma (el bisbe de la qual t\u00e9 la primacia), Constantinopla, Jerusalem, Antioquia i Alexandria.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Debats i concilis<\/p>\n<p>Mare de Jes\u00fas per\u00f2 no mare de D\u00e9u, Nestorianisme, Concili de Ef\u00e8s (451)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/concili-de-calcedonia\/\">Concili de Calced\u00f2nia<\/a>, contra el miafisitisme. Cisma de l&#8217;esgl\u00e9sia oriental ortodoxa, ( l&#8217;<a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/esglesia-apostolica-armenia\/\">armenia<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/esglesia-copta-dalexandria\/\">copta<\/a>\u00a0 (i <a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/esglesia-ortodoxa-etiop\/\">et\u00edop<\/a>) i <a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/esglesia-ortodoxa-siriaca\/\">sir\u00edaca<\/a> ).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Vida mon\u00e0stica<\/p>\n<p>Dins de l&#8217;esgl\u00e9sia copta, van apar\u00e8ixer una s\u00e8rie d&#8217;ermitans que feien vida asc\u00e8tica al desert.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antoni_Abat\">Sant Antoni (251 &#8211; 356)<\/a>, ( t\u00e9 el vessant de patr\u00f3 dels animals, i se&#8217;l representa amb un porquet, i el vessant del sant resistint les temptacions. Les hist\u00f2ries de les seves temptacions pel dimoni seran <a href=\"https:\/\/www.freeart.com\/gallery\/saints\/anthony.html\">representades<\/a> per Hyeronimus Bosch i altres. Flaubert li dedic\u00e0 una novel\u00b7la).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeroni_d%27Estrid%C3%B3\">Sant Jeroni (331 &#8211; 420)<\/a> Ermit\u00e0 i traductor de la B\u00edblia. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.freeart.com\/gallery\/saints\/jerome.html\">Molt representat<\/a> a la hist\u00f2ria de l&#8217;art.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basili_de_Cesarea\">Sant Basili de Cesarea (335 &#8211; 379)<\/a>. El 355 va tornar a Cesarea i va fer un temps d&#8217;advocat per\u00f2 aviat ho va deixar per dedicar-se a la vida religiosa tal com tamb\u00e9 va fer la seva germana Macrina. El 357 va viatjar per S\u00edria, Palestina i Egipte per aprendre de la vida mon\u00e0stica i a la tornada es va retirar a una muntanya a la vora del riu Iris prop de Neocesarea on va viure en reclusi\u00f3 per 13 anys fundant el monestir d&#8217;Ibori. All\u00ed la fam\u00edlia tenia una finca on Basili va reunir un grup de devots als que es va unir aviat Gregori Nazanzi\u00e9. En aquests anys es va dedicar a la lectura i el seu escriptor favorit fou Or\u00edgens. Va predicar tamb\u00e9 per tot el Pont. |\u00a0 Va viure a la Capad\u00f2cia, va construir cases pels pobres. Va moderar les pr\u00e0ctiques extermes d&#8217;ascetisme definint une l\u00ednies moderades al <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basilian_monks\">Asketikon<\/a>, The most striking qualities of the Basilian Rule are its prudence and its wisdom. It leaves to the superiors the care of settling the many details of local, individual, and daily life; it does not determine the material exercise of the observance or the administrative regulations of the monastery. Poverty, obedience, renunciation, and self-abnegation are the virtues which St. Basil makes the foundation of the monastic life. <a href=\"http:\/\/novices.opwest.org\/wordpress\/2012\/10\/st-basil-of-caesarea-and-his-rule\/\">Link<\/a>. La seva regla s&#8217;extengu\u00e9 primer a la Capad\u00f2cia i despr\u00e9s a tots els monestirs de l&#8217;esgl\u00e9sia oriental.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[Dels pocs seguidors inicials, expansi\u00f3 pels viatges dels ap\u00f2stols, persecuci\u00f3, expansi\u00f3 i creaci\u00f3 d&#8217;estructures de bisbes, oficialitzaci\u00f3 per Constant\u00ed, definici\u00f3 del s\u00edmbol o Credo, consolidaci\u00f3 del Canon, escisi\u00f3 de l&#8217;ortod\u00f2xia Oriental, Monestirs] wikipedia Els ap\u00f2stols prediquen el missatge de Jes\u00fas, segons\u00a0 els Actes. Els primers seguidors de Jes\u00fas eren jueus apocal\u00edptics. Una primera comunitat s&#8217;estableix &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/cristianisme-1-33-324\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Cristianisme 1. 33 &#8211; 476&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[266],"tags":[267],"anotacio":[],"civilitzacio":[],"spec":[],"aspecies":[],"Tema poesia":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1222"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1222"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1222\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1222"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1222"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1222"},{"taxonomy":"anotacio","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/anotacio?post=1222"},{"taxonomy":"civilitzacio","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/civilitzacio?post=1222"},{"taxonomy":"spec","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/spec?post=1222"},{"taxonomy":"aspecies","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/aspecies?post=1222"},{"taxonomy":"Tema poesia","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/Tema poesia?post=1222"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}