{"id":1223,"date":"2019-04-15T11:09:20","date_gmt":"2019-04-15T11:09:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/?p=1223"},"modified":"2023-04-16T12:47:31","modified_gmt":"2023-04-16T12:47:31","slug":"la-biblia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/la-biblia\/","title":{"rendered":"La B\u00edblia, Torah, Tanakh, Talmud"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hebrew_Bible\">Tanakh<\/a>, la B\u00edblia hebrea t\u00e9 24 llibres, 5 al Pentateuc, 8 de profetes (Nevim), i 11 did\u00e0ctics (Ketuvim).<\/p>\n<p>La Torah, Pentateuc (hebreu), escrit durant l&#8217;exili a Babil\u00f2nia sVI BCE a partir de tradicions orals m\u00e9s antigues, la jahvista, la elohista, la Deutoron\u00f2mica i la Sacerdotal.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>G\u00e8nesi: la creaci\u00f3, Abram, Isaac, Jacob, Josep<\/li>\n<li>\u00c8xode: el captiveri a Egipte, Mois\u00e8s i la travessa del deser (hebereu, tradicionalment atribu\u00eft a Mois\u00e8s mateix, es creu que fou escrit durant l&#8217;elixi a Babil\u00f2nia a partir de tradicions orals anteriors.<\/li>\n<li>Lev\u00edtic: [normes i costums]<\/li>\n<li>Nombres: [normes i costums]<\/li>\n<li>Deutoronomi: [normes i costums]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Nevi&#8217;m<\/strong>, Profetes: Josu\u00e9, Jutges, Samuel, Reis\u00a0 |\u00a0\u00a0 Isa\u00efes, Jeremies, Ezequiel\u00a0 |\u00a0 els profetes menors. [escrits durant el captiveri a Babil\u00f2nia)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ketuvim<\/strong>: Salms, proverbis, Job. | llibres per a certes ocasions\u00a0 C\u00e0ntic dels c\u00e0ntics (Pessah la pasqua jueva que commemora la sortida d&#8217;Egipte) , Rut (Shavuot, la pentecosta), Lamentacions (tishva) , Eclesiast\u00e8s (es llegeix a la festa del Sukkot), Ester. |\u00a0 Daniel, Esra i Nehemies, Cr\u00f2niques. [possiblement a l&#8217;epoca del segon temple 500-70, 450-200 Eclesiast\u00e8s o Kohelet]<\/p>\n<p>Els llibres de Tobit, Judit, Macabeus, Saviesa, Sirach i Baruc s\u00f3n inclosos pels cat\u00f2lics i ortodoxos per\u00f2 exclosos per jueus i protestants.<\/p>\n<p>Original en hebreu (encara que el document m\u00e9s antic a vegades \u00e9s en grec koin\u00e9, l&#8217;estil evidencia que \u00e9s una traducci\u00f3 d&#8217;una llengua sem\u00edtica), les fonts m\u00e9s antigues, s\u00f3n la traducci\u00f3 grega de la Septuaginta (-200), la traducci\u00f3 a l&#8217;assiri de la Pehitta, la Torah samaritana. Entre els segles VII i X es consolid\u00e0 el text masor\u00e8tic en hebreu que es correspon bastant b\u00e9 amb els fragments que s&#8217;han trobat als rotlles del mar mort. Algun text, com el\u00a0 profeta Daniel, estava escrit en arameu.<\/p>\n<p>Des d&#8217;Alexandre, la llengua comuna a Orient era el grec koin\u00e9<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oral_Torah\">La Torah oral<\/a>: Mishnah, Gemara, Talmud<\/p>\n<p>A m\u00e9s de la Torah escrita, que D\u00e9u hauria entregat a Mois\u00e8s, hi ha la Torah oral que s&#8217;hauria anat transmetent oralment des dels temps de Mois\u00e8s.\u00a0 &#8220;Represents those laws, statutes, and legal interpretations that were not recorded in the Five Books of Moses, the &#8220;Written Torah&#8221; (Hebrew: \u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d1\u05db\u05ea\u05d1, Torah she-bi-khtav, lit. &#8220;Torah that is in writing&#8221;), but nonetheless are regarded by Orthodox Jews as prescriptive and co-given. This holistic Jewish code of conduct encompasses a wide swathe of rituals, worship practices, God\u2013man and interpersonal relationships, from dietary laws to Sabbath and festival observance to marital relations, agricultural practices, and civil claims and damages. &#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The major repositories of the Oral Torah are the Mishnah, compiled between 200\u2013220 CE by Rabbi Yehudah haNasi, and the Gemara, a series of running commentaries and debates concerning the Mishnah, which together form the Talmud, the preeminent text of Rabbinic Judaism.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Canon del nou testament<\/p>\n<p>Els 27 llibres del Nou testament (els quatre evangelis, Actes dels ap\u00f2stols i Ep\u00edstoles) ja es feien servir per Origenes.<\/p>\n<p>Escrits en grec koin\u00e9 entre el 100 i 300 CE.<\/p>\n<p>El 382 El Papa Damasus encarreg\u00e0 a Sant Jeroni la traducci\u00f3 de la B\u00edblia al llat\u00ed i es fixen els llibres del Nou Testament. Es coneixer\u00e0 com la Vulgata.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>El 1545 el Concili de Trento fixa la traducci\u00f3 de sant Jeroni,<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vulgate\"> la Vulgata<\/a>, com a text oficial.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Traduccions<\/p>\n<p>The first complete Catalan Bible translation was produced by the Catholic Church, between 1287 and 1290. It was entrusted to Jaume de Montjuich by Alfonso II of Aragon. Remains of this version can be found in Paris (Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale). El 1478 Bonifaci Ferrer. Ferrer&#8217;s translation, known as the Valencian Bible, was printed in 1478 before any Bible was printed in English or Spanish.<\/p>\n<p>1522 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luther_Bible\">B\u00edblia de Luter<\/a><\/p>\n<p>1611 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/King_James_Version\">King James Bible<\/a>, projecte encarregat pel rei a 47 estudiosos que la fix\u00e0 per a l&#8217;Esgl\u00e9sia d&#8217;Anglaterra.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/obra-visor\/la-biblia--0\/html\/\">La B\u00edblia de Montserrat<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2019\/01\/28\/how-to-read-the-good-books\">New Yorker sobre les traduccions<\/a> i com\u00a0 reflecteixen el pensament i la peosia de cada \u00e8poca.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manuscrits_de_la_mar_Morta\">Manuscrits de la mar morta<\/a>: trobats el 1947 a les coves de Qumran. Probablement amagats pels Essenis en temps de la revolta contra els romans. Ara es conserven al Shrine of the Book. L&#8217;estudi dels manuscrits b\u00edblics de Qumran ha demostrat que, a l&#8217;\u00e8poca anterior a l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 del cristianisme, la tradici\u00f3 textual b\u00edblica era molt m\u00e9s plural i variada que no que s&#8217;esperava.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/fonsimatges\/Historia\/shrinebook.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nag_Hammadi_library\">Nag Hammadi<\/a>: el 1945 es van trobar a la ciutat eg\u00edpcia de Nag Hammadi un conjunt de textos gn\u00f2stics, en copte, parts del corpus hermeticum, una traducc\u00f3 de Plat\u00f3 i els anomenats evangelis gn\u00f2stics, Tom\u00e0s, Felip, aix\u00ed com diversos apocalipsis.<\/p>\n<p>Altres: Els Actes de Joan, amb l&#8217;himne de la dansa<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tanakh, la B\u00edblia hebrea t\u00e9 24 llibres, 5 al Pentateuc, 8 de profetes (Nevim), i 11 did\u00e0ctics (Ketuvim). La Torah, Pentateuc (hebreu), escrit durant l&#8217;exili a Babil\u00f2nia sVI BCE a partir de tradicions orals m\u00e9s antigues, la jahvista, la elohista, la Deutoron\u00f2mica i la Sacerdotal. G\u00e8nesi: la creaci\u00f3, Abram, Isaac, Jacob, Josep \u00c8xode: el captiveri &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/la-biblia\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;La B\u00edblia, Torah, Tanakh, Talmud&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[92],"anotacio":[],"civilitzacio":[],"spec":[],"aspecies":[],"Tema poesia":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1223"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1223"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1223\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1223"},{"taxonomy":"anotacio","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/anotacio?post=1223"},{"taxonomy":"civilitzacio","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/civilitzacio?post=1223"},{"taxonomy":"spec","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/spec?post=1223"},{"taxonomy":"aspecies","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/aspecies?post=1223"},{"taxonomy":"Tema poesia","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/Tema poesia?post=1223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}