[A Orient arriba el domini isl\u00e0mic. A Occident l’esgl\u00e9sia creix en poder terrenal, floreixen les arts per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 la corrupci\u00f3 que donar\u00e0 lloc a la reforma]<\/p>\n
Esgl\u00e9sia ortodoxa a Orient<\/p>\n
1453 Constantinopla \u00e9s conquerida i tota l’esgl\u00e9sia del pr\u00f2xim orient quedar\u00e0 sota domini turc fins el 1919?, tolerada per\u00f2 sense poder.<\/p>\n
L’esgl\u00e9sia ortodoxa russa<\/a> queda fora del seu control cap el 1200. [i el 1917 amb la revoluci\u00f3 bolxevic tamb\u00e9 caur\u00e0).<\/p>\n A\u00efllada d’occident, no prendr\u00e0 part en el debat reforma – contrareforma.<\/p>\n Esgl\u00e9sia llatina<\/p>\n 1378 – 1416 Papes a Aviny\u00f3 sota control franc\u00e8s, cisma d’occident<\/a>, disputa pol\u00edtica.<\/p>\n Esplendor cultural i corrupci\u00f3 al renaixement itali\u00e0 1375 – 1520: The Renaissance was a period of great cultural change and achievement, marked in Italy by a classical orientation and an increase of wealth through mercantile trade. The City of Rome, the Papacy, and the Papal States were all affected by the Renaissance. On the one hand, it was a time of great artistic patronage and architectural magnificence, where the Church patroned such artists as Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Bramante, Raphael, Fra Angelico, Donatello, and da Vinci. On the other hand, wealthy Italian families often secured episcopal offices, including the papacy, for their own members, some of whom were known for immorality, such as Alexander VI and Sixtus IV.<\/p>\n Reforma<\/p>\n Precedents de John Wycliff (1330\u20131384) i Jan Hus (1369?\u20131415) contra la corrupci\u00f3, defensant la relaci\u00f3 entre l’home i D\u00e9u amb la B\u00edblia sense sacerdots i bisbes. Perseguits.<\/p>\n 1517 Luter\u00a0 (1483 – 1546) publica les Ninety-five Theses<\/a><\/i> i el 1521 es prohibeixen a 7, there was no schism<\/a> until the 1521 Edict of Worms<\/a>. The edicts of the Diet condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire<\/a> from defending or propagating his ideas.<\/p>\n Huldrych Zwingli (1484 1531) Reforma a Zurich.<\/p>\n John Calvin (1509 1564) Esgl\u00e9sia reformada a Ginebra<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Contrareforma<\/p>\n 1534 Ignacio de Loyola funda la Compa\u00f1\u00eda de Jes\u00fas. Retir i exercicis espirituals, organitzaci\u00f3 mig militar, universitats [ els franciscans predicaran la pobrsa, els dominicans la repressi\u00f3 i els Jesu\u00eftes ser\u00e0 el petit reducte de saber amb censura quan arribi la il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3].<\/p>\n 1545\u00a0 – 1563 Concili de Trento<\/a><\/p>\n The Council of Trent<\/a> (1545\u20131563), initiated by Pope Paul III<\/a> (1534\u20131549) addressed issues of certain ecclesiastical corruptions such as simony<\/a>, absenteeism<\/a>, nepotism<\/a>, the holding of multiple church offices by one person, and other abuses, as well as the reassertion of traditional practices and the dogmatic articulation of the traditional doctrines of the Church, such as the episcopal structure, clerical celibacy, the seven Sacraments<\/a>, transubstantiation<\/a> (the belief that during mass the consecrated bread and wine truly become the body and blood of Christ), the veneration of relics, icons, and saints (especially the Blessed Virgin Mary<\/a>), the necessity of both faith and good works for salvation, the existence of purgatory and the issuance (but not the sale) of indulgences, etc. In other words, all Protestant doctrinal objections and changes were uncompromisingly rejected.<\/p>\n In terms of politics, the Counter-Reformation included heresy trials, the exiling of Protestant<\/a> populations from Catholic lands, the seizure of children<\/a> from their Protestant parents for institutionalized Catholic upbringing, a series of wars<\/a>, the Index Librorum Prohibitorum<\/a><\/i> (the list of prohibited books), and the Spanish Inquisition<\/a>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" [A Orient arriba el domini isl\u00e0mic. A Occident l’esgl\u00e9sia creix en poder terrenal, floreixen les arts per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 la corrupci\u00f3 que donar\u00e0 lloc a la reforma] Esgl\u00e9sia ortodoxa a Orient 1453 Constantinopla \u00e9s conquerida i tota l’esgl\u00e9sia del pr\u00f2xim orient quedar\u00e0 sota domini turc fins el 1919?, tolerada per\u00f2 sense poder. L’esgl\u00e9sia ortodoxa russa queda … <\/p>\n
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