{"id":1752,"date":"2020-03-27T19:54:27","date_gmt":"2020-03-27T19:54:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/?p=1752"},"modified":"2022-05-20T10:20:02","modified_gmt":"2022-05-20T10:20:02","slug":"islam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/islam\/","title":{"rendered":"Islam"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam\">Islam<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[esborrany]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_schools_and_branches\">Branques<\/a>, 90% sunni, 9.5 xii, 0.5 Ibadi i altres.<\/p>\n<p>2.000 milions<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/80\/Islam_branches_and_schools..png\" width=\"698\" height=\"448\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/44\/Madhhab_Map3.png\" width=\"1245\" height=\"606\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li>Muhammad&#8217;s revelation (610\u2013632)<\/li>\n<li>Caliphate and civil strife (632\u2013750) Rashidun and Umayyad expansion. With Muhammad&#8217;s death in 632, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. Abu Bakr, a companion and close friend of Muhammad, was made the first caliph.[46] Under Abu Bakr, Muslims put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the Ridda wars, or &#8220;Wars of Apostasy&#8221;.[224] The Quran was compiled into a single volume at this time.<\/li>\n<li>Classical era (750\u20131258). The eye, according to Hunain ibn Ishaq from a manuscript dated circa 1200<br \/>\nAl-Shafi&#8217;i codified a method to determine the reliability of hadith.[241] During the early Abbasid era, the major Sunni hadith collections were compiled by scholars such as Bukhari and Muslim while major Shia hadith collections by scholars such as Al-Kulayni and Ibn Babawayh were also compiled. With the expansion of the Abbaside Caliphate into the Sasanian Empire, Islam adapted many Hellenistic and Persian concepts, imported by thinkers of Iranian or Turkic origin.<\/li>\n<li>Pre-Modern era (1258\u201318th century)\u00a0 Abd\u00fclmecid II was the last Caliph of Islam from the Ottoman dynasty. [Islam spread with Muslim trade networks, Sufi orders activity and conquests of the Gunpowder Empires that extended into Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia and the Malay archipelago.[282][283] Under the Ottoman Empire, Islam spread to Southeast Europe.[284] Throughout this expanse, Islam blended with local cultures everywhere, as illustrated when the prophet Mohammed showed up in Hindu epics and folklore.<\/li>\n<li>Modern era (18th \u2013 20th centuries) The Muslim world was generally in political decline starting the 1800s, especially relative to the non-Muslim European powers. This decline was evident culturally; while Taqi al-Din founded an observatory in Istanbul and the Jai Singh Observatory was built in the 18th century, there was not a single Muslim-majority country with a major observatory by the twentieth century.[321] The Reconquista, launched against Muslim principalities in Iberia, succeeded in 1492. By the 19th century the British Empire had formally ended the Mughal dynasty in India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Sunni<\/p>\n<p>Sunnites<br \/>\nEls sunnites (ahl as-sunnah, \u00abla gent de la tradici\u00f3\u00bb) \u00e9s la gran majoria que defensa que la direcci\u00f3 de l&#8217;islam ha d&#8217;estar en mans dels califes sense tenir en compte els lla\u00e7os de sang amb Mahoma.<\/p>\n<p>The largest denomination in Islam is Sunni Islam, which makes up 75\u201390% of all Muslims[28] and is arguably the world&#8217;s largest religious denomination.[358] Sunni Muslims also go by the name Ahl as-Sunnah which means &#8220;people of the tradition [of Muhammad]&#8221;.[45][359][360][361][362]<\/p>\n<p>Sunnis believe that the first four caliphs were the rightful successors to Muhammad; since God did not specify any particular leaders to succeed him and those leaders were elected. Further authorities regarding Sunnis believe that anyone who is righteous and just could be a caliph as long they act according to the teachings of Islam, the example of Muhammad. Alternatively, Sunnis commonly accept the companions of Muhammad as reliable for interpretating Islamic affairs.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Shia<\/p>\n<p>Xi\u00eftes<\/p>\n<p>Mesquita d&#8217;Al\u00ed a Najaf, Iraq, lloc sant dels xi\u00eftes<br \/>\nEls xi\u00eftes (aix-xia, &#8216;seguidors [d&#8217;Al\u00ed]&#8217;) s\u00f3n l&#8217;\u00fanic grup dissident d&#8217;import\u00e0ncia pel que fa a l&#8217;ortod\u00f2xia sunnita que sobreviu en l&#8217;islam. Van sorgir a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d&#8217;una disputa sobre la successi\u00f3 de Muh\u00e0mmad a la mort d&#8217;Uthman ibn Affan, el tercer dels \u00abcalifes ben guiats\u00bb; aquest grup va declarar-se partidari d&#8217;Al\u00ed ibn Abi-T\u00e0lib enfront del pretendent omeia Mu\u00e0wiya. Pels xi\u00eftes, el guiatge de la comunitat \u00e9s un dret div\u00ed reservat als descendents del profeta (Ahl al-Bayt) mitjan\u00e7ant la seva filla F\u00e0tima az-Zahr\u00e0 i el seu marit Al\u00ed ibn Abi-T\u00e0lib, que creien que havia estat designat pel profeta per a succeir-lo. L&#8217;imam (que per a ells ha de ser un descendent d&#8217;Al\u00ed i a qui s&#8217;atribueix un car\u00e0cter semidiv\u00ed) \u00e9s, per la seva mateixa condici\u00f3, l&#8217;\u00fanic capacitat per a \u00abexplicar la llei de D\u00e9u\u00bb; aix\u00ed, l&#8217;autoritat que se li atribueix d\u00f3na peu a l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia d&#8217;una jerarquia religiosa o clergat. Dins d&#8217;aquest corrent, els imamites (majoritaris) creuen que a partir d&#8217;Al\u00ed arrenca una s\u00e8rie de dotze imams infal\u00b7libles; el dotz\u00e8 va desapar\u00e8ixer l&#8217;any 873 (ocultaci\u00f3) i esperen que al seu retorn el m\u00f3n sigui redimit i presidit per la just\u00edcia (creen\u00e7a en el mahd\u00ed). El xiisme cont\u00e9 aix\u00ed un component esot\u00e8ric i messi\u00e0nic, que \u00e9s m\u00e9s o menys important segons les branques.<\/p>\n<p>While the Sunnis believe that a Caliph should be elected by the community, Shia&#8217;s believe that Muhammad appointed his son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib, as his successor and only certain descendants of Ali could be Imams. As a result, they believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first Imam (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs Abu Bakr, Uthman ibn al-Affan and Umar ibn al-Khattab. Other points of contention include certain practices viewed as innovating the religion, such as the mourning practice of tatbir, and the cursing of figures revered by Sunnis. However, Jafar al-Sadiq himself disapproved of people who disapproved of his great grand father Abu Bakr and Zayd ibn Ali revered Abu Bakr and Umar.[375][376] More recently, Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei[377] and Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani[378] condemned the practice.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[ IRAK i IRAN ] <a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xiisme#Difusi%C3%B3\">xiisme<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Els pa\u00efsos amb majoria xiita s\u00f3n Iran, Iraq, Azerbaidjan i Bahrain.[18] A l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim, representen entre el 36,3% i el 38,6% de la poblaci\u00f3.[19] Els musulmans xi\u00eftes constitueixen al voltant del 35% de la poblaci\u00f3 del L\u00edban,[20] 45% a Iemen,[21] 20-40% a Kuwait,[13][22] 20% a Turquia,[13][23] 10-20% al Pakistan[13] i 10-19% a l&#8217;Afganistan.[24][25]<\/p>\n<p>Els pa\u00efsos amb m\u00e9s d&#8217;un mili\u00f3 de poblaci\u00f3 xi\u00efta s\u00f3n, en ordre descendent: Iran, Pakistan, \u00cdndia, Irak, Turquia, Iemen, Azerbaidjan, Afganistan, Arabia Saudita, S\u00edria, Nig\u00e8ria, el L\u00edban i Tanz\u00e0nia.[13][14]<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Sufisme<br \/>\nEl moviment m\u00edstic que hom anomenar\u00e0 sufisme (tass\u00e0wwuf) ja existia al segle\u00a0viii, quan petits cercles de musulmans pietosos, com a reacci\u00f3 davant la creixent atracci\u00f3 pels b\u00e9ns terrenals que mostrava la comunitat isl\u00e0mica, van comen\u00e7ar a cridar l&#8217;atenci\u00f3 sobre la import\u00e0ncia de la vida interior de l&#8217;esperit i la purificaci\u00f3 moral. Durant el segle\u00a0ix, el sufisme es va desenvolupar com una doctrina m\u00edstica i amb l&#8217;ideal d&#8217;una comuni\u00f3 directa o, millor encara, una uni\u00f3 d&#8217;\u00e8xtasi amb D\u00e9u. Aquesta aspiraci\u00f3 a la uni\u00f3 m\u00edstica amb D\u00e9u violava el comprom\u00eds isl\u00e0mic ortodox amb el monoteisme. Per aquesta causa, va ser executat a Bagdad, l&#8217;any 922, el suf\u00ed al-Hal\u00b7laj, acusat d&#8217;haver manifestat la seva identitat amb D\u00e9u. Destacats suf\u00eds van intentar, m\u00e9s tard, aconseguir una s\u00edntesi entre el sufisme moderat i l&#8217;ortod\u00f2xia i, al segle\u00a0xi, el respectat erudit persa Al-Ghazal\u00ed va aconseguir introduir el moviment en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit de l&#8217;ortod\u00f2xia sunnita.[1]<\/p>\n<p>Al segle XII, el sufisme va deixar de ser patrimoni d&#8217;una elit instru\u00efda i es va transformar en un complex moviment popular. La insist\u00e8ncia suf\u00ed en el coneixement i en l&#8217;amor de D\u00e9u va augmentar l&#8217;atractiu de l&#8217;islam per a les masses i va fer possible la seva extensi\u00f3 m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de l&#8217;Orient Mitj\u00e0, arribant a m\u00e9s zones d&#8217;\u00c0frica i de l&#8217;\u00c0sia oriental; les germandats suf\u00eds (turuq) es van multiplicar des de l&#8217;Atl\u00e0ntic fins a Indon\u00e8sia, tot i que algunes comunitats van abra\u00e7ar tot el m\u00f3n isl\u00e0mic i d&#8217;altres van ser regionals o locals. L&#8217;enorme implantaci\u00f3 d&#8217;aquestes fraternitats es va deure, en primer terme, a la capacitat i a la generositat de llurs fundadors i dirigents, els quals no sols atenien les necessitats espirituals de llurs seguidors sin\u00f3 que tamb\u00e9 ajudaven els pobres, sense importar quines eren llurs creences, i actuaven amb assidu\u00eftat com a intermediaris entre el poble i els dirigents pol\u00edtics.[1]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Sufism (Persian: \u0635\u0648\u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u200e), or Ta\u1e63awwuf[1] (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0635\u064e\u0648\u064f\u0651\u0641\u200e), variously defined as &#8220;Islamic mysticism&#8221;,[2] &#8220;the inward dimension of Islam&#8221;[3][4] or &#8220;the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam&#8221;,[5][6] is mysticism in Islam, &#8220;characterized &#8230; [by particular] values, ritual practices, doctrines and institutions&#8221;[7] which began very early in Islamic history[5] and represents &#8220;the main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization of&#8221; mystical practice in Islam.[8][9] Practitioners of Sufism have been referred to as &#8220;Sufis&#8221; (from \u0635\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0650\u064a\u0651\u200e \u1e63\u016bfiyy \/ \u1e63\u016bf\u012b).[5]<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salafisme\">Salafisme<\/a> i\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wahhabism\">Wahabisme<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Moviments ultraconservador, que nom\u00e9s venera D\u00e9u i rebutja la devoci\u00f3 a sants com a idolatria (per aix\u00f2 destrossa les tombes). Apareixen dins del sunnisme.<\/p>\n<p>sorgeix al s xix a Egipte, i s&#8217;oposa a la modernitzaci\u00f3<\/p>\n<p>Ar\u00e0bia saud\u00ed<\/p>\n<p>Actualment, els qui es defineixen com a &#8216;salafistes&#8217; constitueixen un corrent heter\u00f2clit: influ\u00efts pel wahhabisme saudita, es preocupen principalment per all\u00f2 que l&#8217;islam autoritza o prohibeix. Els wahhabites interpreten de manera restrictiva el concepte d&#8217;ijtihad (examen personal de les fonts religioses fundat en l&#8217;Alcor\u00e0 i la sunna); els salafistes tamb\u00e9 s\u00f3n conservadors pel seu comportament i la seva pr\u00e0ctica de l&#8217;ijtihad, per\u00f2 alhora s\u00f3n socialment actius i tenen l&#8217;objectiu d&#8217;islamitzar la societat. Sovint estan al capdavant en q\u00fcestions cient\u00edfiques i tecnol\u00f2giques.[2]<\/p>\n<p>Els islamistes pol\u00edtics comen\u00e7aren a reivindicar aquestes idees. \u00c9s el cas dels Germans Musulmans egipcis, apareguts el 1928 i influ\u00efts pels primers salafistes. A Palestina, el Gihad Isl\u00e0mic i el Ham\u00e0s en s\u00f3n els hereus, i els primers membres de les xarxes d&#8217;Al-Qaida provenien de l&#8217;\u00e0rea d&#8217;influ\u00e8ncia salafista al Pr\u00f2xim Orient i a Europa.[2]<\/p>\n<p>Paral\u00b7lelament a aquesta tend\u00e8ncia gihadista, un nombre creixent de salafistes afirmen que tenen una orientaci\u00f3 moderada i pacifista; eviten el terreny pol\u00edtic i s&#8217;esforcen sobretot a dur &#8216;una vida musulmana pura&#8217;. Han aconseguit inserir-se a l&#8217;Occident, al Pr\u00f2xim Orient i al Magrib entre els joves fidels que temen perdre les seves tradicions i les seves arrels. Se&#8217;ls reconeix per la seva aparen\u00e7a: homes amb llargues barbes que duen t\u00faniques sobre pantalons curts; dones amb una llarga t\u00fanica, hijab i niqab, que amaga la cara i que sovint duen amb texans i vambes&#8230;[2]<\/p>\n<p>Al Regne Unit hi ha una tercera tend\u00e8ncia: els salafistes reformistes baixen a l&#8217;esfera pol\u00edtica, i acusen els gihadistes salafistes d&#8217;apoderar-se del moviment i de participar en el combat contra la seva radicalitzaci\u00f3.[2]<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Islam [esborrany] Branques, 90% sunni, 9.5 xii, 0.5 Ibadi i altres. 2.000 milions &nbsp; &nbsp; Muhammad&#8217;s revelation (610\u2013632) Caliphate and civil strife (632\u2013750) Rashidun and Umayyad expansion. With Muhammad&#8217;s death in 632, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. Abu Bakr, a companion and close friend of Muhammad, &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/islam\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Islam&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[457],"anotacio":[],"civilitzacio":[],"spec":[],"aspecies":[],"Tema poesia":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1752"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1752"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1752\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1752"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1752"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1752"},{"taxonomy":"anotacio","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/anotacio?post=1752"},{"taxonomy":"civilitzacio","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/civilitzacio?post=1752"},{"taxonomy":"spec","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/spec?post=1752"},{"taxonomy":"aspecies","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/aspecies?post=1752"},{"taxonomy":"Tema poesia","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/Tema poesia?post=1752"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}