{"id":2386,"date":"2021-09-16T16:49:45","date_gmt":"2021-09-16T16:49:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/?p=2386"},"modified":"2026-01-25T20:12:14","modified_gmt":"2026-01-25T20:12:14","slug":"historia-de-suissa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/historia-de-suissa\/","title":{"rendered":"Su\u00efssa"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/2v-la-vida-el-que-he-viscut\/#arxius\">Arxius<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/historia-de-suissa\/#experiencies\">Les meves exp\u00e8ri\u00e8ncies<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/historia-de-suissa\/#arts\">Arts<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0Menjar\u00a0 \u00a0Hist\u00f2ria\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Geografia<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"experiencies\">Les meves experi\u00e8ncies<\/h2>\n<p>[pare a Ginebra, alguna fondue?]navalla su\u00efssa? xocolata? els llapis Caran d&#8217;Ache]<\/p>\n<p>1997-2007 Nathalie, abans del Donauradweg vam visitar els seus oncles<\/p>\n<p>2011 La Teresa se&#8217;n va a viure a Lausanne, Chemin du Levant 149<br \/>\n2014 Rue du Midi 10<br \/>\n2025 Quartier de la Violette 4.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/any-2013\/\">2013<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/photos.app.goo.gl\/MgVdfspdDwVZ8UAj7\">Rh\u00f4ne<\/a>\u00a0 en bicicleta<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/any-2015\/\">2015<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/photos.app.goo.gl\/cpZxEqpEZehGM7296\">Llac L\u00e9man<\/a> en caiac,<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/any-2016\/\">2016<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/photos.app.goo.gl\/pxnRpkkqQoniNshAA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Su\u00efssa NW<\/a>,\u00a0 Acabant el gran Tour<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/any-2018\/\">2018<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/photos.app.goo.gl\/ihR81SeKadABgJjZ9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Zermatt<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/any-2021\/\">2021<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/photos.app.goo.gl\/esxPRmFTZhY6Xiaa7\">Z\u00fcrich Alps<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/any-2022\/\">2022<\/a>:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/photos.app.goo.gl\/YqggC91ppP3Mm7J7A\">Sortides<\/a> (Jura, Ter)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/any-2022\/\">2025<\/a> Rheinradweg D\u2019Andermatt a Worms<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"arts\">Arts<\/h2>\n<p>[A casa el pare tenia algun llibret de Paul Klee. Des de l&#8217;adolesc\u00e8ncia que admirava els dibuixos dels retrats de Holbein. Per\u00f2 no era conscient que fossin suissos.\u00a0En el viatge a Leipzig vaig &#8220;descobrir&#8221; l&#8217;obra\u00a0 TotenInsel de B\u00f6cklin. I ja en alguna visita a un museu de Ginebra o Lausanne, a Ferdinand Hodler.]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hans Holbein<\/strong> Basilea (1497\u20131543)<br \/>\n[Admirava els seus dibuixos des que vaig descobrir-los a l&#8217;Institut Brit\u00e0nic als 16 anys. No vaig saber que havia crescut a Basilea fins el viatge de 2025]<\/p>\n<p>Samuel Hieronymus Grimm (1733-1794) Carrera a Paris<br \/>\nAngelica Kauffman (1741-1807)<\/p>\n<p>Segle XIX: Romanticisme i simbolisme, amb el naixement de l\u2019estat federal (1848), es consolida una identitat cultural.<\/p>\n<p>Johann Heinrich F\u00fcssli (Henry Fuseli) 1741-1825: Carrera a Gran Bretanya. El malson [el vaig con\u00e8ixer a la Tate]<\/p>\n<p><strong><a style=\"cursor: pointer !important; user-select: none !important;\" href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/4-inventari-tot\/42-cultura\/421-art\/421-pintura\/bocklin-arnold\/\">Arnold B\u00f6cklin<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0(1827-1901) [Em va fascinar el TotenInsel que vaig veure a leipzig el 2012]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ferdinand Hodle<\/strong>r (1853-1918): [Vaig con\u00e8ixer els seus paisatges a Ginebra i Lausanne quan la Teresa hi va comen\u00e7ar a viure, com si fos el Van-Gogh su\u00eds. Despr\u00e9s vaig con\u00e8ixer la s\u00e8rie sobre la seva dona malalta i altres obres simb\u00f2liques com la <a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/ferdinand-hodler-blick-ins-unendliche\/\">contemplaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;infinit<\/a>] <a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-content\/themes\/twenty17museu\/templates\/galeriafotosp.php?tag1=ferdinandhodler\">Galeria<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Segle XX: avantguardes i art modern<\/p>\n<p>Giovanni Giacometti (1868-1933): Retrats impressionistes [vist a Zurich i Basilea]<br \/>\n<strong>Augusto Giacometti<\/strong> (1877-1947): Cos\u00ed de l&#8217;anterior [em va fascinar l&#8217;Arc de St.Mart\u00ed a Berna i m\u00e9s tard obres seves a Zurich]<br \/>\n<strong>Alberto Giacometti<\/strong> (1901-1966): L&#8217;escultor de les figures allargades, &#8220;existencialistes&#8221; [jo faria una exposici\u00f3 al costat de Botero]<\/p>\n<p>Dadaisme. Zuric 1916. Hugo Ball, Tristan Tzara, Hans Arp<\/p>\n<p><strong>Paul Klee<\/strong> (1879-1940): [Ja me l&#8217;havia fet con\u00e8ixer el pare] vinculat a la Bauhaus. <a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-content\/themes\/twenty17museu\/templates\/galeriafotosp.php?tag1=Klee\">Galeria<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Tipografia: Als anys 50s es desenvolupen una s\u00e8rie de tipus\u00a0 sans-serif com la Univers a partir de la qual Max Miedinger i Edouard Hoffman desenvoluparan la Neue Haas Grotesk que despr\u00e9s es dir\u00e0 Helvetica.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Dubuffet (1901-1985) i l&#8217;Art en brut.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Tinguely (1925-1991), [Ginebra, escultures m\u00f2bils]<\/p>\n<p>H.R. Giger (1940-2024): \u00c9ssers fant\u00e0stics mig robots, creador del monstre d&#8217;Alien<\/p>\n<p>Contemporani: Pipilotti Rist, v\u00eddeoart feminista i sensorial. Peter Fischli &amp; David Weiss, art conceptual i humor\u00edstic. Urs Fischer, escultura i instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 contempor\u00e0nia<\/p>\n<p><strong>Museus<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/4-inventari-tot\/42-cultura\/421-art\/obres-dun-museu\/?nommuseu=Zentrum%20Paul%20Klee\">Zentrum Paul Klee<\/a><\/u>\u00a0(Bern-Su\u00efssa)<\/li>\n<li><u><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/4-inventari-tot\/42-cultura\/421-art\/obres-dun-museu\/?nommuseu=Mus%C3%A9e%20d%E2%80%99art%20et%20d%E2%80%99histoire\">Mus\u00e9e d\u2019art et d\u2019histoire<\/a><\/u>\u00a0(Gen\u00e8ve-Su\u00efssa)<\/li>\n<li><u><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/4-inventari-tot\/42-cultura\/421-art\/obres-dun-museu\/?nommuseu=Mus%C3%A9e%20Etnographique\">Mus\u00e9e Etnographique<\/a><\/u>\u00a0(Gen\u00e8ve-Su\u00efssa)<\/li>\n<li>Basel\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vitra.com\/en-us\/about-vitra\/campus\/vitrahaus\">Vitra Haus<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gen\u00e8ve:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/fondationbodmer.ch\/\">Fundaci\u00f3 Bodmer<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Lausanne:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.artbrut.ch\/\">Collection de l\u2019art brut<\/a>\u00a0Jean Dubuffet.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kunstmuseumbern.ch\/\">Berna<\/a>: Ferdinand Hodler. Die Nacht.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kunsthaus.ch\/en\/\">KunstHaus Z\u00fcrich<\/a>\u00a0Alberto i Augusto Giacometti. Hodler.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiltiartfoundation.li\/\">Lichtenstein Art Museum<\/a>\u00a0Hilti.<\/li>\n<li>Lausanne, MUDAC<\/li>\n<li>Gruy\u00e8re, Giger Museum<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Arquitectura<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Restes romanes a Nyon<\/p>\n<p>Prerom\u00e0nic: Abadia de Sant Joan a Val M\u00fcstair, St.Gall i el pl\u00e0nol del monestir.<\/p>\n<p>Rom\u00e0nic: Catedrals de Basel, Sion, Chur, Geneva, Z\u00fcrich and Schaffhausen.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00f2tic: Catedrals de Lausanne i Berna.<\/p>\n<p>Renaixement: catedrla de Lugano. Arquitectes originaris del Ticino van treballar a It\u00e0lia, Antonio da Ponte i Antonio Contino a Ven\u00e8cia, Domenico Fontana a N\u00e0pols. D&#8217;altres ho van fer a R\u00fassia, com Giovanni Gilliardi, a Mosc\u00fa.<\/p>\n<p>Barroc: reconstrucci\u00f3 de l&#8217;abadia de ST.Gall, catedral de Luzern<\/p>\n<p>Neocl\u00e0ssic: Al s18, Su\u00efssa va ser un refugi per a poetes, artistes i intelectuals. Voltaire i Rousseau exposaven la seva filosofia a Ginebra. El xalet su\u00eds, la cabana de fusta va simbolitzar l&#8217;ideal de la vida simple a la naturalesa [popularitzat per Rousseau] i e sva anar estenent entre l&#8217;aristocr\u00e0cia Europea i destinacions tur\u00edstiques de prestigi. Palau Eynard a Ginebra, catedral de Solothurn<\/p>\n<p>Art Nouveau i Heimatstil: A principis del s20 Charles l&#8217;Eplattenier va desplegar l&#8217;anomenat estil Sapin [avets], una variaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;Art Nouveau, a La Chaux-de-Fonds, al Jura.<\/p>\n<p>Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret 1887-1965), va ser estudiant de l&#8217;Eplattenier.<br \/>\nVilla Savoye https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Villa_Savoye Capella de Notre-Dame du Haut a Ronchamp. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Notre-Dame_du_Haut Projectes de planificaci\u00f3 urban\u00edstica racionals que van ser titllats Chandigarh de monumentals i m\u00e9s pensats pel pl\u00e0nol que per l&#8217;experi\u00e8ncia del peat\u00f3.<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unit%C3%A9_d%27habitation Unit\u00e9 d&#8217;habitation. 1952 [cases zurich]<\/p>\n<p>A comen\u00e7aments del segle XX, l\u2019arquitectura su\u00efssa abra\u00e7a estils modernistes, funcionalistes i de l\u2019\u201cobjectivitat nova\u201d (New Objectivity) amb l\u00ednies netes, materials moderns, vidre i acer. (Biblioteca Nacional Su\u00efssa a Berna, 1929-1931).<\/p>\n<p>Contempor\u00e0nia: Mario Botta, Jacques Herzog i Pierre de Meuron, Peter Zumthor,Anne Lacaton i Jean-Philippe Vassal.<\/p>\n<p>Lausanne va viure una important renovaci\u00f3 urban\u00edstica durant l&#8217;\u00e8poca de l&#8217;entre-guerres, adoptant el funcionalisme i l&#8217;estil internacional. Aquest fenomen \u00e9s molt visible en barris com Florissant, Mon-Repos o parts de La Sallaz, i especialment al llarg dels Grands Boulevards (Av. de la Harpe, Av. du Th\u00e9\u00e2tre, etc.). Els edificis amb balcons corbs o arrodonits, fa\u00e7anes lleugerament curvil\u00ednies, finestres horitzontals (en cinta), terratges plans i elements de n\u00e0utica (baranes de tub, finestres rodones com a \u00f2culs) s\u00f3n el seu segell.<br \/>\nHi havia molta demanda d&#8217;habitatge i a difer\u00e8ncia de Berna o Ginebra, Lausanne no tenia un nucli medieval enorme que preservar a qualsevol preu. El seu centre era m\u00e9s petit i la topografia accidentada va fer que la ciutat es desenvolup\u00e9s en els turons circumdants, on hi havia m\u00e9s llibertat per construir de nou. Els arquitectes principals van ser: Alberto Sartoris (itali\u00e0, per\u00f2 actiu a la regi\u00f3), te\u00f2ric i promotor fervent del funcionalisme. Maurice &amp; Pierre Braillard (pares del funcionalisme a Lausanne). Jean Tschumi. Eug\u00e8ne Beaudoin &amp; Marcel Lods, van construir l&#8217;impactant Immeuble Clart\u00e9 a Ginebra, que va influenciar tota la regi\u00f3. No \u00e9s un funcionalisme radical com el de Le Corbusier, sin\u00f3 una versi\u00f3 m\u00e9s suau, dom\u00e8stica i adaptada amb corbes elegants, materials c\u00e0lids (sovint es combina l&#8217;arrebossat blanc o de colors clars amb elements de pissarra t\u00edpica de la regi\u00f3 i fusta en les finestres, integraci\u00f3 al terreny amb desnivells, i n\u00e0utica (Streamline Moderne), influ\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;est\u00e8tica dels transatl\u00e0ntics en les corbes, les baranes tubulars i les finestres rodones.<br \/>\nLausanne \u00e9s considerada la &#8220;capital su\u00efssa del funcionalisme dels anys 30&#8221;. Immeuble R\u00e9sidence du Th\u00e9\u00e2tre (Av. du Th\u00e9\u00e2tre). Edificis al llarg de l&#8217;Avenue de la Harpe. Villa de Mandrot a Le Pradoux (dissenyada per Le Corbusier, per\u00f2 una mica fora del centre) com a exemple m\u00e9s radical.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>M\u00fasica i dansa<\/h2>\n<p>No sabia res de m\u00fasica fins que vaig descobrir per casualitat <a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/othmar-schoeck-1886-1957\/\">Othmar Schoeck<\/a>. La Teresa em va fer con\u00e8ixer Maurice B\u00e9jart i em va convidar a veure el Bolero.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2014Lausanne, la Teresa em convida a Ballet B\u00e9jart, Bol\u00e9ro amb Elisabet Ros, peces de Bach amb Gil Roman<\/li>\n<li>2025 Prix de Lausanne. Bejart a l&#8217;aire lliure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Maurice B\u00e9jart<\/p>\n<p>Prix Lausanne<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Edat Mitjana i Renaixement. Als monestirs (com els de Saint-Gall o Einsiedeln) es copiaven i conservaven manuscrits musicals molt antics. El C\u00f2dex de Sant Gall (s. IX) \u00e9s un dels testimonis m\u00e9s importants del cant gregori\u00e0 i de la notaci\u00f3 musical primitiva. Durant el Renaixement, compositors com Ludwig Senfl (c.1490\u20131543), deixeble de Josquin Desprez, van desenvolupar una m\u00fasica polif\u00f2nica refinada; \u00e9s considerat el primer gran compositor su\u00eds.<\/li>\n<li>La influ\u00e8ncia del calvinisme a la major part de Su\u00efssa limita el desenvolupament de la m\u00fasica instrumental. Hi havia capelles musicals importants a ciutats com Zuric, Basilea o Lucerna.<\/li>\n<li>Al romanticisme apareix una identitat musical su\u00efssa pr\u00f2pia, paral\u00b7lela a la consolidaci\u00f3 del pa\u00eds com a naci\u00f3 federal (1848). Es desenvolupen societats corals i orquestres. A nivell popular neixen les corals alpines i les bandes de vent. Joachim Raff (1822\u20131882), deixeble i col\u00b7laborador de Liszt. Va escriure simfonies, obertures i m\u00fasica de cambra molt apreciades en el seu temps. Hans Huber (1852\u20131921).<\/li>\n<li>Al sXX hi ha:<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/othmar-schoeck-1886-1957\/\"><strong>Othmar Schoeck<\/strong><\/a> (1886\u20131957). Lieds, \u00f2peres i m\u00fasica orquestral. Combina romanticisme tard\u00e0 (Strauss, Wolf) amb una sensibilitat molt personal i introspectiva.<br \/>\nFrank Martin (1890\u20131974) \u2013 Un dels m\u00e9s grans compositors su\u00efssos. Va combinar contrapunt barroc amb harmonia moderna. Ernest Bloch (1880\u20131959). Klaus Huber (1924\u20132017). Heinz Holliger (n. 1939). Beat Furrer, Michael Jarrell, Roland Moser, Thomas Kessler.<br \/>\nAndreas Vollenweider.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>musica popular<\/p>\n<p>During the late 1990s, and especially in the 2000s from around 2008 to the present, the family band\u00a0Oesch&#8217;s die Dritten, a yodeling family from the Bernese Oberland, have been enjoying success. Their format is a\u00a0Schwyzer\u00f6rgeli\u00a0(small accordion) played by Hans Oesch, a guitar, an electric bass, and a large accordion. They are fronted by Melanie Oesch.<\/p>\n<p>Folk music from Appenzell<br \/>\nThe rural\u00a0Appenzell\u00a0region is a major center of folk music. While other parts of Switzerland adopted the accordion (Langnauerli and Schwyzer\u00f6rgeli) in the 19th century, Appenzell kept the\u00a0violin\u00a0and\u00a0hammered dulcimer.\u00a0String music from Appenzell\u00a0is popular throughout Switzerland. In its original arrangement (two violins,\u00a0dulcimer,\u00a0cello,\u00a0contrabass) is of great importance, while the\u00a0accordion\u00a0and\u00a0piano\u00a0are also included in some formations.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Geografia, Menjar<\/h2>\n<p>El Jura (al nord-oest). Serralada de relleu suau i calcari que forma la frontera natural amb Fran\u00e7a. Territori de boscos, prats i valls industrials, hist\u00f2ricament vinculat a rellotgeria (La Chaux-de-Fonds, Le Locle). Entre 400 i 1700m. Majorit\u00e0riament franc\u00f2fon, cultura pr\u00f2xima a la Borgonya i Franche-Comnt\u00e9 franc\u00e8s.<br \/>\nEl \u201cPlateau Suisse\u201d o Planura Central, entre el Jura i els Alps, la zona m\u00e9s poblada i econ\u00f2micament din\u00e0mica: cont\u00e9 Zuric, Berna, Basilea, Lausana i Ginebra. Entre 400 i 600m, camps, llacs, turons, ciutats i ind\u00fastria. Entre 400 i 600m. El Vaud amb el llac L\u00e9man, G\u00e8n\u00e9ve i Lausanne \u00e9s franc\u00e8s. Z\u00fcrich cxcxc, alemanys.<br \/>\nEls Alps (centre i sud), amb un 60 % de la superf\u00edcie, amb al\u00e7ada 1000-4600m.<br \/>\n&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cd\/Berner_Alpen.png\/800px-Berner_Alpen.png\">Berner alpen<\/a>, del llac Leman al Thunersee, al nord del Rh\u00f4ne, amb l&#8217;Eiger, Jungfrau i M\u00f6nch (Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen) \/ Glarus alps (T\u00f6di)<br \/>\n&#8211; Valais, al sud del Rh\u00f4ne, Dufourspitze (Monte Rosa), Dom, Matterhorn (Cervino), Weisshorn, Dent Blanche (Zermatt) \/ Alps Bernina, piz Bernina (Grisons) a l&#8217;est (Andermatt)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>El Rhein que se&#8217;n va al nord passant pel Boden See.<br \/>\n&#8211; L&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Aare_basin_simple.png\/1024px-Aare_basin_simple.png\">Aare<\/a> (Lungern) va cap el W Brienzersee, ThunerSee fins arribar al Bieler See que ve de l&#8217;est, amb el llac de Neuchatel i l&#8217;Orbe, als peus del Jura. Troba el Rhein a Koblenz.<br \/>\n&#8211; El Z\u00fcrichsee, de llacs alpins cap al W pel Limmnat \u2192 Aare \u2192 Rin.<br \/>\n&#8211; Reuss (origen al Gotard, com el Rhein, Rh\u00f4ne i Ticino) cap al nord fins al Luzernersee, troba al Aare a Brugg.<\/li>\n<li>El Rh\u00f4ne a l&#8217;oest amb el llac L\u00e9man.<\/li>\n<li>El Ticino que desemboca el Po passant pel Lago Maggiore. El Lago Lugano \u00e9s d&#8217;origen glaciar, es buida al Tresa que va a parar al Lago Maggiore.<\/li>\n<li>Inn, que comen\u00e7a al Silsersee i va al Danubi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/fonsimatges\/mapeshistoria\/suissa2.jpg\" width=\"1500\" height=\"977\" \/><\/p>\n<p>qwe<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/fonsimatges\/mapeshistoria\/suissa1.jpg\" width=\"1944\" height=\"1539\" \/><\/p>\n<p>fonduer<\/p>\n<p>## \ud83c\uddeb\ud83c\uddf7 **1. Su\u00efssa franc\u00f2fona (Romandia)**<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udccd *Friburg, Vaud, Ginebra, Neuch\u00e2tel, Valais*<\/p>\n<p>### \ud83c\udf7d\ufe0f Plats t\u00edpics:<\/p>\n<p>* **Fondue moiti\u00e9-moiti\u00e9** \u2192 Meitat Gruy\u00e8re, meitat Vacherin Fribourgeois.<br \/>\n* **Raclette du Valais** \u2192 Formatge fos servit sobre patates i cogombrets.<br \/>\n* **Papet vaudois** \u2192 Pur\u00e9 de porros i patates amb *saucisson vaudois* (salsitxa fumada).<br \/>\n* **Malakoff** \u2192 Boletes fregides de formatge (Vaud).<\/p>\n<p>### \ud83c\udf70 Postres:<\/p>\n<p>* **Meringues amb nata doble de Gruy\u00e8re** \ud83d\ude0b<br \/>\n* **Tarte \u00e0 la raisin\u00e9e** \u2192 Past\u00eds dol\u00e7 amb xarop de peres o pomes.<\/p>\n<p>### \ud83c\udf77 Begudes:<\/p>\n<p>* **Vi blanc Fendant (Valais)**<br \/>\n* **Licor d\u2019abricot d\u2019Abricotine AOP**<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<p>## \ud83c\udde9\ud83c\uddea **2. Su\u00efssa alemanya**<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udccd *Zuric, Berna, Lucerna, Basilea, St. Gallen*<\/p>\n<p>### \ud83c\udf7d\ufe0f Plats t\u00edpics:<\/p>\n<p>* **R\u00f6sti** \u2192 Patates fregides ratllades, sovint com a acompanyament.<br \/>\n* **Z\u00fcrcher Geschnetzeltes** \u2192 Vedella amb salsa cremosa de vi blanc i bolets.<br \/>\n* **Berner Platte** \u2192 Assortit de carns fumades amb col i patates.<br \/>\n* **\u00c4lplermagronen** \u2192 Pasta, patates, formatge i ceba fregida (de muntanya).<br \/>\n* **St. Galler Bratwurst** \u2192 Salsitxa blanca su\u00efssa, servida amb pa o mostassa.<\/p>\n<p>### \ud83c\udf70 Postres:<\/p>\n<p>* **Basler L\u00e4ckerli** \u2192 Galeta d\u2019esp\u00e8cies, mel i fruita confitada.<br \/>\n* **Apfelw\u00e4he** \u2192 Coca de poma su\u00efssa (semblant a una tarta).<\/p>\n<p>### \ud83c\udf7a Begudes:<\/p>\n<p>* **Cerveses artesanes (Eichhof, Feldschl\u00f6sschen&#8230;)**<br \/>\n* **Rivella** \ud83e\uddc3 (refresc fet amb s\u00e8rum de llet, \u00fanic a Su\u00efssa)<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<p>## \ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf9 **3. Su\u00efssa italiana (Ticino)**<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udccd *Lugano, Locarno, Bellinzona*<\/p>\n<p>### \ud83c\udf7d\ufe0f Plats t\u00edpics:<\/p>\n<p>* **Risotto al Merlot** \u2192 Risotto amb vi negre local.<br \/>\n* **Polenta e brasato** \u2192 Polenta (blat de moro) amb estofat de vedella.<br \/>\n* **Minestrone ticinese** \u2192 Sopa espessa de verdures i llegums.<br \/>\n* **Luganighe** \u2192 Salsitxes t\u00edpiques de la regi\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>### \ud83c\udf70 Postres:<\/p>\n<p>* **Torta di pane** \u2192 Past\u00eds dol\u00e7 de pa amb panses, poma i cacau.<\/p>\n<p>### \ud83c\udf77 Begudes:<\/p>\n<p>* **Vi Merlot del Ticino** \ud83c\udf77 (molt reconegut internacionalment)<br \/>\n* **Grappa su\u00efssa**<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<p>## \ud83c\udfde\ufe0f **4. Grisons (Graub\u00fcnden \/ Grischun)**<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udccd *Regi\u00f3 alpina oriental*<\/p>\n<p>### \ud83c\udf7d\ufe0f Plats t\u00edpics:<\/p>\n<p>* **Capuns** \u2192 Fulles de bleda farcides amb carn i farina, cuites en nata.<br \/>\n* **Pizokel** \u2192 Pasta casolana semblant als sp\u00e4tzli, amb formatge i verdures.<br \/>\n* **B\u00fcndner Gerstensuppe** \u2192 Sopa d\u2019ordi amb verdures i cansalada.<\/p>\n<p>### \ud83c\udf70 Postres:<\/p>\n<p>* **B\u00fcndner Nusstorte** \u2192 Past\u00eds de nous caramel\u00b7litzades.<br \/>\n* **Birnbrot** \u2192 Pa dol\u00e7 amb fruita seca i peres.<\/p>\n<p>### \ud83c\udf77 Begudes:<\/p>\n<p>* **Vi del B\u00fcndner Herrschaft** (Pinot Noir su\u00eds de muntanya)<br \/>\n* **Schnaps** (licor casol\u00e0 d\u2019herbes o fruita)<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<p>## \ud83c\udf6b **No pot faltar&#8230;**<\/p>\n<p>* **Xocolata su\u00efssa** \ud83c\udf6b (Lindt, Toblerone, Cailler, Spr\u00fcngli&#8230;)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/cuina\/formatges-suissos\/\">Formatges su\u00efssos<\/a><br \/>\n* **Formatges AOP** com Gruy\u00e8re, Emmental, Appenzeller, Vacherin, T\u00eate de Moine.<br \/>\n* **Pa de muntanya** (Zopf, pa trenant tradicional dels diumenges).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"historia\">Hist\u00f2ria<\/h2>\n<p>Antecedents<\/p>\n<p>The <a title=\"Early history of Switzerland\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_history_of_Switzerland\">early history<\/a> of the region is tied to that of <a title=\"History of the Alps\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Alps\">Alpine culture<\/a>. Switzerland was inhabited by the <a title=\"Helvetii\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helvetii\">Helvetii<\/a>, and it came under <a title=\"Switzerland in the Roman era\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era\">Roman rule<\/a> in the 1st century BC. <a title=\"Gallo-Roman culture\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gallo-Roman_culture\">Gallo-Roman culture<\/a> was amalgamated with <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Migration period\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Migration_period\">Germanic influence<\/a> during <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Late Antiquity\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Late_Antiquity\">Late Antiquity<\/a>, with the eastern part of Switzerland becoming <a title=\"Alemanni\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alemanni\">Alemannic<\/a> territory. The area of Switzerland was incorporated in the <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Frankish Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frankish_Empire\">Frankish Empire<\/a> in the 6th century. In the <a title=\"High Middle Ages\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High_Middle_Ages\">High Middle Ages<\/a>, the eastern part became part of the <a title=\"Duchy of Swabia\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duchy_of_Swabia\">Duchy of Swabia<\/a> within the <a title=\"Holy Roman Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holy_Roman_Empire\">Holy Roman Empire<\/a>, while the western part was part of <a title=\"Kingdom of Burgundy\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Burgundy\">Burgundy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>1353 &#8211; 1523 Confederaci\u00f3 de Cantons<\/p>\n<p>1291: Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden. 1332 \u2013 Lucerne. 1351 \u2013 Z\u00fcrich. 1352 \u2013 Glarus, Zug. 1353 \u2013 Bern.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>1523 &#8211; 1648 Reforma I Independ\u00e8ncia<\/p>\n<p>Expansi\u00f3 fins a 13 Cantons: 1481 \u2013 Fribourg, Solothurn. 1501 \u2013 Basel, Schaffhausen.\u00a0 1513 \u2013 Appenzell<\/p>\n<p>The Reformation in Switzerland began in 1523, led by Huldrych Zwingli, priest of the Great Minster church in Z\u00fcrich since 1518. Z\u00fcrich adopted the Protestant religion, joined by Berne, Basel, and Schaffhausen, while Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Nidwalden, Zug, Fribourg and Solothurn remained Catholic. Glarus and Appenzell were split. This led to multiple inter-cantonal religious wars (Kappeler Kriege) in 1529 and 1531, because each canton usually made the opposing religion illegal, and to the formation of two diets, the Protestant one meeting in Aarau and the Catholic one in Lucerne (as well as the formal full diet still meeting usually in Baden)[6][7] but the Confederation survived.<\/p>\n<p>During the Thirty Years&#8217; War, Switzerland was a relative &#8220;oasis of peace and prosperity&#8221; (Grimmelshausen) in war-torn Europe, mostly because all major powers in Europe depended on Swiss mercenaries, and would not let Switzerland fall into the hands of one of their rivals. Politically, they all tried to take influence, by way of mercenary commanders such as J\u00f6rg Jenatsch or Johann Rudolf Wettstein. The Drei B\u00fcnde of Grisons, at that point not yet a member of the Confederacy, were involved in the war from 1620, which led to their loss of the Valtellina in 1623.<br \/>\nAt the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, Switzerland attained legal independence from the Holy Roman Empire.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>1648 &#8211; 1848 Napole\u00f3 i confederaci\u00f3 moderna<\/p>\n<p><em>Su\u00efssa havia comen\u00e7at com una confederaci\u00f3 de Cantons cap el 1300: Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Lucerne, Z\u00fcrich, Glarus, Zug i Berna. El 1523 entra la reforma amb Zwingli a Zurich, Berne, Basel, mentre la resta segueix cat\u00f2lica. Durant la guerra dels 30 anys Su\u00efssa queda relativament en pau ja que la majoria dels poders depenien dels merenaris su\u00efssos. Amb el tractat de Westfalia de 1648 Su\u00efssa aconsegueix la independ\u00e8ncia del Sacre Imperi Germ\u00e0nic.&lt;br&gt;<\/em><br \/>\n<em>El 1797 Napole\u00f2 envaeix Su\u00efssa i funda la rep\u00fablica Cisalpina amb un govern centralitzat. L&#8217;administraci\u00f3 moderna xoca amb le stradicions i els cantons, sobretot els cat\u00f2lics, es rebel\u00b7len. El 1803 s&#8217;afegeixen a la Confederaci\u00f3 St. Gallen, Graub\u00fcnden, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud i el 1815 el Valais, Neuch\u00e2tel, Geneva. El congr\u00e9s de Viena de 1815 restableix la independ\u00e8ncia. El 1847 hi ha la Guerra civil del Sonderbund entre Protestants i cat\u00f2lics que acaba amb l&#8217;expulsi\u00f3 dels jesuites.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The Valtellina became a dependency of the Drei B\u00fcnde again after the Treaty and remained so until the founding of the Cisalpine Republic by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797.<\/p>\n<p>1803 \u2013 St. Gallen, Graub\u00fcnden, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud. 1815 \u2013 Valais, Neuch\u00e2tel, Geneva<\/p>\n<p>During the French Revolutionary Wars, the French army invaded Switzerland and turned it into an ally known as the &#8220;Helvetic Republic&#8221; (1798\u20131803). It had a central government with little role for cantons. The interference with localism and traditional liberties was deeply resented, although some modernizing reforms took place.[8][9]<\/p>\n<p>Resistance was strongest in the more traditional Catholic bastions, with armed uprisings breaking out in spring 1798 in the central part of Switzerland. The French Army suppressed the uprisings but support for revolutionary ideas steadily declined. The reform element was weak, and most Swiss resented their loss of local democracy, the centralization, the new taxes, the warfare, and the hostility to religion.<\/p>\n<p>The Congress of Vienna of 1814\u201315 fully reestablished Swiss independence and the European powers agreed to recognize permanent Swiss neutrality. At this time, Valais, Neuch\u00e2tel and Geneva also joined Switzerland as new cantons, thereby extending Swiss territory to its current boundaries.<\/p>\n<p>Guerra civil del Sonderbund entre Protestants i cat\u00f2lics. Expulsi\u00f3 dels jesuites.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>1848 &#8211; actualitat Su\u00efssa moderna<\/p>\n<p>As a consequence of the civil war, Switzerland adopted a federal constitution in 1848, amending it extensively in 1874 and establishing federal responsibility for defense, trade, and legal matters, leaving all other matters to the cantonal governments. From then, and over much of the 20th century, continuous political, economic, and social improvement has characterized Swiss history.<\/p>\n<p>Neutralitat en les dues guerres mundials.<\/p>\n<p>Industrialitzaci\u00f3 i banca<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Chaux-des-Fonds<\/p>\n<p>Charles l&#8217;Eplattenier, mestre de Le Ciorbusier, cases de les corbusier,c rematori<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Arxius Les meves exp\u00e8ri\u00e8ncies\u00a0 \u00a0 Arts\u00a0 \u00a0Menjar\u00a0 \u00a0Hist\u00f2ria\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Geografia Les meves experi\u00e8ncies [pare a Ginebra, alguna fondue?]navalla su\u00efssa? xocolata? els llapis Caran d&#8217;Ache] 1997-2007 Nathalie, abans del Donauradweg vam visitar els seus oncles 2011 La Teresa se&#8217;n va a viure a Lausanne, Chemin du Levant 149 2014 Rue du Midi 10 2025 Quartier de &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/historia-de-suissa\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Su\u00efssa&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[80],"tags":[553],"anotacio":[],"civilitzacio":[],"spec":[],"aspecies":[],"Tema poesia":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2386"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2386"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2386\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2386"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2386"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2386"},{"taxonomy":"anotacio","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/anotacio?post=2386"},{"taxonomy":"civilitzacio","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/civilitzacio?post=2386"},{"taxonomy":"spec","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/spec?post=2386"},{"taxonomy":"aspecies","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/aspecies?post=2386"},{"taxonomy":"Tema poesia","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/museu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/Tema poesia?post=2386"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}