{"id":1430,"date":"2023-12-19T10:09:16","date_gmt":"2023-12-19T10:09:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/?p=1430"},"modified":"2026-01-02T10:25:16","modified_gmt":"2026-01-02T10:25:16","slug":"historia-conflictes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/historia-conflictes\/","title":{"rendered":"Hist\u00f2ria. Conflictes. Autoritarisme"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Not\u00edcies<\/a><\/div>\n
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ANTERIORS<\/div>\n
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http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/arts\/critics\/atlarge\/2012\/10\/29\/121029crat_atlarge_gopnik<\/div>\n
[Gopnik revisa alguns llibres que avaluen el paper de la geografia com a determinant.<\/div>\n
Per\u00f2 la gent i les idees tamb\u00e9 compten. M’agrada la la frase final:<\/div>\n
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Tyranny flourished in the British Isles; and, when it ended, England had not drifted any closer to the Continent. Good ideas matter, as does the creation of the prosperity that good ideas need in order to flourish. Conversation shapes us more than mountains and monsoons can. Human history, like human love, is still made most distinctly face to face.<\/div>\n
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dossier planeta 19\/12\/2015<\/div>\n
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http:\/\/www.ara.cat\/premium\/internacional\/mon-gasta-del-PIB-armament_0_1487851399.html<\/a><\/div>\n
http:\/\/www.ara.cat\/suplements\/planeta\/Prevenir-intervenir_0_1488451162.html<\/a><\/div>\n
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prevenir \u00e9s molt millor que deixar podrir un conflicte. Tots ens queixem del conflicte de S\u00edria, per\u00f2 segons informa Amnesty International, han rebut armes de 30 pa\u00efsos. No es vol controlar. Igual que no es vol acabar amb el secret bancari i les zones opques de le’conimia [tanta normativa i supervisi\u00f3 del blanqueig que es fa als bancs, i els fabricants d’armes, yerroriostes i dictadors sempre acaben obtenint el que volen, sovint a canvi de drogues o mat\u00e8ries primeres]<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/llegim.ara.cat\/opinio\/Sant-Jordi_0_2004999551.html<\/a>\u00a0llibres sobre nacionalisme i independ\u00e8ncia<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.ara.cat\/suplements\/diumenge\/Hey-you_0_2005599428.html<\/a>\u00a0el colonislisme, les posicions de Putin a \u00c0frica<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2018\/04\/30\/how-american-racism-influenced-hitler<\/a>\u00a0Alex Ross sobre la influ\u00e8ncia del racisme americ\u00e0 en Hitler<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2018\/07\/23\/are-things-getting-better-or-worse<\/a>\u00a0Les coses, van millor o pitjor Steven Pinker<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.wired.co.uk\/article\/yuval-noah-harari-extract-21-lessons-for-the-21st-century<\/a>\u00a0el futur canviar\u00e0 tant que no ens podem refiar ni de nosaltres ni dels algoritmes<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2012\/01\/16\/inquiring-minds<\/a>\u00a0la inquisici\u00f3 spa\u00f1ola<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2018\/08\/20\/how-charles-de-gaulle-rescued-france<\/a>\u00a0De Gaulle<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2018\/09\/03\/francis-fukuyama-postpones-the-end-of-history<\/a>\u00a0la necessitatd e ser reconegut, m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de l’explicaci\u00f3 econ\u00f2mica, una generalitzaci\u00f3 de la fenomenologia de Hegel i el reconeixement a trav\u00e9s de Kojeve<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/books\/2018\/sep\/08\/high-anxiety-how-feelings-took-over-the-world<\/a><\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/ryanhatesthis\/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-facebook-elections<\/a>\u00a0naionalisme i populisme arreu fent servir FB<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2018\/10\/22\/gandhi-for-the-post-truth-age<\/a>\u00a0revisi\u00f3 de la figura de Gandhi<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2018\/11\/05\/a-hundred-years-after-the-armistice<\/a>\u00a0el final de la primera guerra mundial, les morts innecess\u00e0ries, les condicions de Foch que van impulsar la segona guerra<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2019\/04\/01\/jair-bolsonaros-southern-strategy<\/a>\u00a0Bolsonaro al Brasil, per qu\u00e8 la gent pobra vota un populista<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2019\/04\/22\/guantanamos-darkest-secret<\/a>\u00a0la terrible hist\u00f2ria d’un home detingut i torturat per error<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-47643456<\/a>\u00a0demografia i aliments, Mathus, Erlich i Borlaug<\/div>\n
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Economist 04\/07\/19 la dreta ha perdut els valors:\u00a0Our cover story this week is the global crisis in conservatism. In two-party systems, like the United States and (broadly) Britain, the right is in power, but only by jettisoning the values that used to define it. In countries with many parties the centre-right is being eroded, as in Germany and Spain, or eviscerated, as in France and Italy. In Hungary the right has gone straight to nationalist populism. \u201cTo be conservative\u201d, wrote the philosopher Michael Oakeshott, \u201cis to prefer the familiar to the unknown, to prefer the tried to the untried, fact to mystery, the actual to the possible, the limited to the unbounded, the near to the distant.\u201d The new right, however, are aggrieved and discontented. They are pessimists and reactionaries. They look at the world and see what President Donald Trump once called \u201ccarnage\u201d. You do not have to be a conservative to find that deeply troubling.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/stories-43702764<\/a>\u00a0als anys 80, un centre de submarinisme al Sudan era una operaci\u00f3 del Mossad per extreure jueus et\u00edops.<\/div>\n
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La Sandy comenta que a Louisiana les classes han de demanar “sponsors” particulars per tenir llapis i material.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2019\/09\/02\/are-spies-more-trouble-than-theyre-worth<\/a>\u00a0espionatge i com no sembla servir per a res<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2019\/09\/16\/the-moral-logic-of-humanitarian-intervention<\/a>\u00a0l’aparent futilitat de les intervencions humanit\u00e0ries, a S\u00edria no se sabia a quin grup donar suport, Lybia va ser un desastre.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2019\/11\/11\/blood-gold-in-the-brazilian-rain-forest<\/a>\u00a0destrucci\u00f3 de l’Amazones per extreure or<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2019\/12\/02\/its-still-mrs-thatchers-britain<\/a>\u00a0margaret thatcher<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2019\/12\/09\/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india<\/a>\u00a0els abusos hindus a la \u00edndia<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/getpocket.com\/explore\/item\/yuval-noah-harari-is-worried-about-our-souls<\/a>\u00a0el futur segons yuval noah harari<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2019\/12\/23\/the-field-guide-to-tyranny<\/a>\u00a0tirans, stalin, hitler, mussolini, discurs escrit, discurs parlat<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2020\/01\/13\/the-future-of-americas-contest-with-china<\/a>\u00a0USA vs Xina<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2020\/02\/03\/the-last-time-democracy-almost-died<\/a>\u00a0La democr\u00e0cia ba estar amena\u00e7ada als ’30 i ens en vam sortir.<\/div>\n
In the nineteen-nineties, with the end of the Cold War, democracies grew more plentiful, much as they had after the end of the First World War. As ever, the infant-mortality rate for democracies was high: baby democracies tend to die in their cradles. Starting in about 2005, the number of democracies around the world began to fall, as it had in the nineteen-thirties. Authoritarians rose to power: Vladimir Putin<\/a> in Russia, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan in Turkey, Viktor Orb\u00e1n<\/a> in Hungary, Jaros\u0142aw Kaczy\u0144ski in Poland, Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines, Jair Bolsonaro<\/a> in Brazil, and Donald J. Trump in the United States.<\/div>\n
\u201cAmerican democracy,\u201d as a matter of history, is democracy with an asterisk, the symbol A-Rod\u2019s name would need if he were ever inducted into the Hall of Fame. Not until the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act can the United States be said to have met the basic conditions for political equality requisite in a democracy. All the same, measured not against its past but against its contemporaries, American democracy in the twenty-first century is withering. The Democracy Index rates a hundred and sixty-seven countries, every year, on a scale that ranges from \u201cfull democracy\u201d to \u201cauthoritarian regime.\u201d In 2006, the U.S. was a \u201cfull democracy,\u201d the seventeenth most democratic nation in the world. In 2016, the index for the first time rated the United States a \u201cflawed democracy,\u201d and since then American democracy has gotten only more flawed. True, the United States still doesn\u2019t have a Rome or a Berlin to march on. That hasn\u2019t saved the nation from misinformation, tribalization, domestic terrorism, human-rights abuses, political intolerance, social-media mob rule, white nationalism, a criminal President, the nobbling of Congress, a corrupt Presidential Administration, assaults on the press, crippling polarization, the undermining of elections, and an epistemological chaos that is the only air that totalitarianism can breathe.<\/div>\n
\u201cDo you think that political democracy is now on the wane?\u201d the editors asked each writer. The series\u2019 lead contributor, the Italian philosopher Benedetto Croce, took issue with the question, as philosophers, thankfully, do. \u201cI call this kind of question \u2018meteorological,\u2019\u00a0\u201d he grumbled. \u201cIt is like asking, \u2018Do you think that it is going to rain today? Had I better take my umbrella?\u2019\u00a0\u201d The trouble, Croce explained, is that political problems are not external forces beyond our control; they are forces within our control. \u201cWe need solely to make up our own minds and to act.\u201d<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2020\/02\/03\/the-fight-to-preserve-african-american-history<\/a><\/div>\n
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preservar el patrimonio de la hist\u00f2ria afroamericana<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2020\/02\/17\/yuval-noah-harari-gives-the-really-big-picture<\/a>\u00a0yuval noah harari<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/2020-03-18\/coronavirus-could-reshape-global-order<\/a>\u00a0Xina est\u00e0 responent a la crisi:\u00a0When no European state answered Italy\u2019s urgent appeal for medical equipment and protective gear, China publicly committed to sending 1,000 ventilators, two million masks, 100,000 respirators, 20,000 protective suits, and 50,000 test kits. China has also dispatched medical teams and 250,000 masks to Iran and sent supplies to Serbia, whose president dismissed European solidarity as \u201ca fairy tale\u201d and proclaimed that \u201cthe only country that can help us is China.\u201d<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.dni.gov\/files\/ODNI\/documents\/2019-ATA-SFR—SSCI.pdf<\/a>\u00a0informe de valoraci\u00f3 d’amenaces de l’ahg\u00e8ncia d’intel\u00b7lig\u00e8ncia USA<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/magazine\/2020\/05\/07\/experts-knew-pandemic-was-coming-what-they-fear-next-238686<\/a><\/div>\n
1. Globalization of White Supremacy<\/div>\n
2. Attacks on Trust and Truth<\/div>\n
3. Biosecurity<\/div>\n
4. Technological Disruption<\/div>\n
5. Nukes<\/div>\n
6. Climate Change<\/div>\n
7. Covid-19\u2019s Next Level Impact<\/div>\n
8. Catastrophic Earthquakes<\/div>\n
9. Unknown Unknowns<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-india-52719110<\/a>\u00a0la \u00cdndia, estat totalitari,<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2020\/05\/18\/the-myth-of-henry-kissinger<\/a>\u00a0kissinger<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/getpocket.com\/explore\/item\/the-disappeared<\/a>\u00a0xina segrestant ciutadans oposats al r\u00e8gim, a l’estranger<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.popularmechanics.com\/technology\/security\/a32851975\/police-surveillance-tools-protest-guide\/<\/a>\u00a0les tecnol\u00f2giques com amazon els convencen d’invertir en una tecnologia que no funciona, subornant-los amb regals.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/getpocket.com\/explore\/item\/africa-s-lost-kingdoms<\/a>\u00a0civilitzacions a l’\u00e0frica a l’edat mitjana, mali i senegal<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2020\/06\/29\/in-search-of-king-davids-lost-empire<\/a>\u00a0la discutible evid\u00e8ncia arqueol\u00f2gica sobre l’exist\u00e8ncia del regne de David<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2020\/06\/29\/mr-jones-remembers-when-stalin-weaponized-famine<\/a>\u00a0Stalin i el Holodomor fent morir de gana 4 milions d’ucranians<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.atlasobscura.com\/articles\/museum-of-toxic-statues-berlin<\/a>\u00a0en lloc d’esborrar el passat eliminant est\u00e0tues, posar-les en context [\u00e9s el que s’hauria de fer amb el Valle de los caidos]<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2020\/08\/24\/the-militias-against-masks<\/a>\u00a0gups d’extrema dreta amb teories de conspiraci\u00f3 i armes, contra l’estat<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/2020\/12\/can-history-predict-future\/616993<\/a>\/ Turchin analitza l’evoluci\u00f3 de les societats. El fet que estem generant molta gent que vol ocupar llocs d’elit i que no n’hi ha portar\u00e0 disc\u00f2rdia; tenim problemes fins 2025 o m\u00e9s.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2021\/01\/china-xi-jinping-business-entrepreneurs\/617777<\/a>\/ Xi jinping agafant control de les empreses privades a Xina<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/elcaso.elnacional.cat\/ca\/noticies\/veins-torredembarra-cabrejats-robatoris-ataquen-xalet-ocupa_46130_102.html<\/a> com que la societat no garanteix la seguretat dels veins, acaben votant a la ultradreta<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/03\/08\/last-exit-from-afghanistan<\/a> el conflicte a AFganistan<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/03\/29\/when-constitutions-took-over-the-world<\/a> un estudi de les constitucions revela que no neixen tant per protegir els s\u00fabdits com per legitimar el poder i les guerres, en alguns cassos per exemple, la situaci\u00f3 de les dones empitjora quan la constituci\u00f3 les discrimina legalment.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-asia-56580788<\/a> els monjos budistes de myanmar donen suport a la viol\u00e8ncia<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/04\/12\/surviving-the-crackdown-in-xinjiang<\/a> la repressi\u00f3 xinesa a xinjiang<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-56770570<\/a> USA deixa Afganistan despr\u00e9s de 20 anys. Ha valgut la pena per controlar el terrorisme?<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/news\/postscript\/remembering-walter-mondale<\/a> Walter Mondale era prou honest per dir la veritat, encara que tingu\u00e9s un cost pol\u00edtic.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20210505-how-cities-will-fossilise<\/a> com fossilitzaran les ciutats d’aqu\u00ed a milions d’anys<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-57152419<\/a> el conflicte de Gaza<\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-57396819<\/a><\/div>\n
com ajudar Palestina sense armar Hamas<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/06\/14\/how-nasty-was-nero-really<\/a> Ner\u00f3<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/08\/02\/the-spyware-threat-to-journalists<\/a> Pegasus spyware de dictadors contra periodistes i independentistes<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/travel\/article\/20210808-the-mayas-ingenious-secret-to-survival<\/a> els maies tenien tecnologia de fer reserver d’aigua i purificar-la amb pedra volc\u00e0nica<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/news\/daily-comment\/mandelas-dream-for-south-africa-is-in-ruins<\/a> la corrupci\u00f3 a Sud\u00e0frica ha desfet els somnis de Mandela<\/div>\n
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la corrupci\u00f3 d’afganistan que es queden els diners per un ex\u00e8rcit que no existeix<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-india-58466528<\/a> els nazis van enviar 5 cient\u00edfics a la \u00cdndia en cerca dels or\u00edgens de la ra\u00e7a aria<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-europe-58557994<\/a> R\u00fassia ja no \u00e9s una democr\u00e0cia<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/10\/18\/its-time-to-stop-talking-about-generations<\/a><\/div>\n
\u00a0 sobre les generacions [ veure nota m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia ]<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2021\/11\/china-xi-jinping\/620645\/<\/a> LA xina de Xi-jinping vol controlar la poblaci\u00f3 fins al punt que els adolescents no poden jugar online a l’ordinador m\u00e9s de tres hores a la setmana. August brought a mandate for all schools to provide instruction in \u201cXi Jinping Thought,\u201d a compendium of his sayings and teachings and an echo of Mao\u2019s famous Little Red Book. \/\/ The same month, Xi told a high-level committee about the importance of \u201ccommon prosperity,\u201d which he called a requirement of socialism. To combat income inequality\u2014a serious problem in China\u2014the meeting participants pledged to promote rural development, improve social services, and \u201cadjust excessive incomes,\u201d according to Xinhua, the country\u2019s official news agency. Quick to sniff the political winds, the rich and mighty began opening their wallets. Companies such as Tencent and the e-commerce outfit Alibaba pledged fresh billions to Xi\u2019s cause.\/\/Xi\u2019s goals for his campaign may extend beyond China, and into his widening confrontation with the United States. Xi and his propaganda machine are presenting China\u2019s authoritarian governance as a more appropriate model for the world than democratic capitalism, better able to create a more harmonious, just, and prosperous society, and more capable of achieving great tasks, such as conquering the coronavirus pandemic, than a dysfunctional, decadent, and declining America. His new decrees could be part of this ideological offensive. As Ryan Hass, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, wrote in a recent essay, Xi \u201cmay believe the recent wave of crackdowns is necessary to bring about socialism at home to differentiate from capitalism as practiced in the West.\u201d \/\/ The West is convinced that political and social freedoms and economic progress are inseparable. Xi and his Communist cadres do not agree, and, in their minds, they have China\u2019s four-decade record of triumphs to prove their point. China\u2019s leader appears to believe that greater top-down control will ensure his country\u2019s continued ascent, not derail it.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/12\/06\/the-secretive-libyan-prisons-that-keep-migrants-out-of-europe<\/a> Incapa\u00e7os de gestionar la inmigraci\u00f3 Europa paga a mil\u00edcies a L\u00edbia per que els detingui i els mantingui en presons.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/11\/29\/pompeii-still-has-buried-secrets<\/div>\n
The journey from Naples to the ruins of Pompeii takes about half an hour on the Circumvesuviana, a train that rattles through a ribbon of land between the base of Mt. Vesuvius, on one side, and the Gulf of Naples, on the other. The area is built up, but when I travelled the route earlier this fall I could catch glimpses of the glittering sea behind apartment buildings. Occasionally, the mountainous coast across the bay came into sight, in the direction of the old Roman port of Misenum\u2014where, in 79 A.D., the naval commander and prolific author Pliny the Elder watched Vesuvius erupt. Pliny, who led a rescue effort by sea, was killed by one of the volcano\u2019s surges of gas and rock; his nephew, Pliny the Younger, provided the only surviving eyewitness account of the disaster.<\/div>\n
About a third of the ancient city has yet to be excavated, however; the consensus among scholars is that this remainder should be left for future archeologists, and their presumably more sophisticated technologies.I had come to Pompeii to explore one such boundary, at the abrupt terminus of the Vicolo delle Nozze d\u2019Argento\u2014the Street of the Silver Wedding\u2014in a corner of what archeologists have designated as Regio V, the city\u2019s fifth region. For many years, the formal excavations stopped here, just past one of Pompeii\u2019s grandest mansions: the House of the Silver Wedding..The new excavations in Regio V\u2014conducted with the latest archeological methods, and an up-to-the-minute scholarly focus on such issues as class and gender\u2014have yielded powerful insights into how Pompeii\u2019s final residents lived and died. As Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, a professor emeritus at Cambridge University and an authority on the city, told me, \u201cYou only have to excavate a tiny amount in Pompeii to come up with dramatic discoveries. It\u2019s always spectacular.\u201d<\/div>\n
The thermopolium, which opened to visitors in August, is a delight. A masonry counter is decorated with expertly rendered and still vivid images: a fanciful depiction of a sea nymph perched on the back of a seahorse; a trompe-l\u2019oeil painting of two strangled ducks on a countertop, ready for the butcher\u2019s knife; a fierce-looking dog on a leash. The unfaded colors\u2014coral red for the webbed feet of the pitiful ducks, shades of copper and russet for the feathers of a buoyant cockerel that has yet to meet the ducks\u2019 fate\u2014are as eye-catching now as they would have been for passersby two millennia ago. (Today, they are protected from the elements and the sunlight by glass.) Another panel, bordered in black, is among Pompeii\u2019s most self-referential art works: a representation of a snack bar, with the earthenware vessels known as amphorae stacked against a counter laden with pots of food. A figure\u2014perhaps the snack bar\u2019s proprietor\u2014bustles in the background. The effect is similar to that of a diner owner who displays a blown-up selfie on the wall behind his cash register.<\/div>\n
–<\/div>\n
\u201cUp until this bar was excavated, people who study these things have gone around believing that the dolia contained only dry foodstuffs,\u201d she told me. \u201cThere are Roman laws that said bars shouldn\u2019t serve this kind of warm food, like hot meat, so we\u2019ve been guided by the classical sources. Then, suddenly, there is this one bar that is definitely serving hot food. And is it the only bar in the Roman world to have done this? Unlikely. So that is huge.\u201d A new story appears to be emerging from the lapilli: of a cunning bar owner who reckons that an authority from distant Rome isn\u2019t likely to shut down his operation, or who is confident that the local authorities\u2014the kind of Pompeiians who live in grand houses\u2014will turn a blind eye to an illegal takeout business that keeps their less affluent neighbors fed with cheap but tasty fish-and-snail soup.<\/div>\n
–<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/11\/29\/the-cost-of-sentimentalizing-war-elizabeth-d-samet-looking-for-the-good-war<\/div>\n
Elizabeth D. Samet finds such familiarity endlessly familiar. \u201cEvery American exercise of military force since World War II, at least in the eyes of its architects, has inherited that war\u2019s moral justification and been understood as its offspring: motivated by its memory, prosecuted in its shadow, inevitably measured against it,\u201d she writes in \u201cLooking for the Good War: American Amnesia and the Violent Pursuit of Happiness\u201d (Farrar, Straus & Giroux). A professor of English at West Point and the author of works on literature, leadership, and the military, Samet offers a cultural and literary counterpoint to the Ambrose-Brokaw-Spielberg industrial complex of Second World War remembrance, and something of a meditation on memory itself.<\/div>\n
Those who forget the past may be condemned to repeat it, but those who sentimentalize the past are rewarded with best-seller status.<\/div>\n
–<\/div>\n
The war in Vietnam, Samet suggests, still functions as a counterweight to the legacy of Good War mythology in America\u2019s national-security discussions. President George H. W. Bush, in expelling Saddam Hussein from Kuwait in 1991, believed that he had also exorcised the demons of that bad war. \u201cBy God, we\u2019ve kicked the Vietnam syndrome once and for all,\u201d he exulted in a White House speech.<\/div>\n
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Errol Morris\u2019s 2003 documentary, \u201cThe Fog of War,\u201d in which Robert McNamara, L.B.J.\u2019s Secretary of Defense, says, \u201cWe all make mistakes.\u201d It\u2019s not much as regrets go, though it tops the Rumsfeldian \u201cStuff happens\u201d response to the looting that took place in Baghdad in 2003.<\/p>\n

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LA PEDRA DE ROSETTA<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/11\/29\/how-the-rosetta-stone-yielded-up-its-secrets-edward-dolnick-the-writing-of-the-gods<\/div>\n
Napoleon brought with him not just soldiers but some hundred and sixty so-called savants\u2014scientists, scholars, and artists, with their compasses and rulers and pencils and pens\u2014to describe what they could of this fabled old realm.<\/div>\n
So it was that, on a hot day in July of 1799, a team of laborers, working under a French officer to rebuild a neglected fort near the port city of Rosetta\u2014now known as Rashid\u2014discovered a stone so large that they could not move it. Under a different officer, the men might have been told to maneuver around it somehow. But their supervisor, Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois Bouchard, was one of Napoleon\u2019s savants, trained as a scientist as well as a soldier. When the dirt had been cleaned off the front of what is now known as the Rosetta Stone, he realized that it might be something of interest.<\/div>\n
It was a slab of granodiorite (a cousin of granite), about four feet tall, two and a half feet wide, and a foot thick, inscribed on its front with three separate texts. The topmost text, in Egyptian hieroglyphs, was fourteen lines long. (It was probably about twice that length originally; the top of the slab had broken off.) The middle section, thirty-two lines long, was in some other script, which nobody recognized. (Called Demotic, it turned out to be a sort of shorthand derived, ultimately, from hieroglyphs.) But\u2014eureka!\u2014the bottom section, fifty-three lines long, was in Ancient Greek, a language that plenty of Napoleon\u2019s savants had learned in school. One can only imagine what these men felt when they saw the third inscription, like a familiar face in a room full of strangers.<\/div>\n
It went on public display in 1802. From that time on, the Rosetta Stone has been the most prized object in the British Museum, and the subject of any number of close studies. Now there is a new one, \u201cThe Writing of the Gods: The Race to Decode the Rosetta Stone\u201d (Scribner), by Edward Dolnick, a former science writer for the Boston Globe and the author of several books on the intersections of art, science, and detection. According to Dolnick, the Rosetta Stone was not only, as its discoverers suspected, a key to Egyptian hieroglyphs, and thereby to a huge swath of otherwise inaccessible ancient history. It was also a lesson in decoding itself, in what the human mind does when faced with a puzzle.<\/div>\n
Then, too, no one was sure, early on, which way hieroglyphic writing ran: from left to right, as in European languages, or, like Hebrew, from right to left, or even going back and forth between those two, like ribbon candy.<\/div>\n
The other scholar was Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Champollion (1790-1832), seventeen years Young\u2019s junior. Champollion grew up in southwestern France, the youngest of seven children. His father was a bookseller; his mother couldn\u2019t read or write. He had little money. Until he was middle-aged and had already, more or less, founded Egyptology, he could not afford to go to Egypt. But, from an early age, he had shown an extraordinary gift for languages. While still in his teens, he acquired not only Greek and Latin but also Hebrew, Arabic, Amharic, Sanskrit, Syriac, Persian, Chaldean. Most important for his future work, he set about learning Coptic, the language of the Egyptian Orthodox Church, which was thought (correctly, as it turned out) to be descended from Ancient Egyptian.<\/div>\n
In time, Champollion wrested from the Rosetta Stone most of its secrets. First, he showed that Young was right: hieroglyphs did communicate through sound, like English and French. But, whereas Young believed that this was true only with names, and only foreign ones, Champollion showed that it was also the case with many other words. Furthermore, phonetic communication did not rule out its supposed alternatives. A hieroglyph might be phonetic (sounding out a word), or it might be pictographic (giving you a picture of the thing being indicated, as in \u201cI \u2665 NEW YORK\u201d), or it might be ideographic (giving you an agreed-upon symbol, such as \u201cXOXO\u201d or \u201c&,\u201d for the thing indicated). As Champollion wrote, a passage in hieroglyphs was a script \u201cat the same time figurative, symbolic and phonetic, in one and the same text, in one and the same sentence, and, if I may put it, in one and the same word.\u201d Going further, Champollion showed that the system also used rebuses, a kind of linguistic pun simultaneously pictorial and phonetic. An example in English is \u201c\ud83d\udc41CU\u201d for \u201cI see you.\u201d Dolnick asks us to imagine writing \u201cWinston Churchill\u201d by drawing a pack of cigarettes followed by a picture of a church, then a picture of a hill.<\/div>\n
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That\u2019s not all. The phonetic values of hieroglyphs, as with the Hebrew alphabet, included consonants but not vowels. What if a reader encountered \u201cbd\u201d? Did it mean \u201cbad\u201d or \u201cbed\u201d or \u201cbud\u201d or \u201cbid\u201d? Writers of hieroglyphs solved this problem by following the ambiguous word with a so-called \u201cdeterminative,\u201d a hieroglyph saying, in effect, \u201cI know that looks confusing, but here\u2019s what I mean.\u201d Dolnick explains, \u201cOld and praise look identical, but the hieroglyphs for old are followed by a hieroglyph of a bent man tottering along on a walking stick; praise is followed by a man with his hands lifted in homage.\u201d<\/div>\n
Diu:<\/div>\n
The lord of the sacred uraeus-cobras whose power is great, who has secured Egypt and made it prosper, whose heart is pious towards the gods, the one who prevails over his enemy, who has enriched the lives of his people, lord of jubilees like Ptah-Tanen [the god of Memphis], king like Pre [the sun god], ruler of the upper and lower provinces, the son of the gods who love their father, whom Ptah chose and to whom the Sun gave victory, the living image of Amun, the son of the Sun, Ptolemy, who lives for ever, beloved of Ptah, the god manifest whose beneficence is perfect.<\/div>\n
The inscription then catalogues the pharaoh\u2019s benefactions to his people. The list sounds a bit like something out of a re\u00eblection campaign. The great man, it says, has lowered taxes, secured benefits for soldiers, amnestied prisoners, made splendid offerings to the gods, and put down rebellions, impaling the rebels on stakes. The decree goes on to specify the processions to be performed, the libations to be poured, the garlands to be donned, and the statues to be venerated in recognition of the pharaoh\u2019s accession and his birthday. It ends with the instruction that this text is to be copied and installed in Egypt\u2019s important temples. (Other stones have since been found, with various fragments of the Rosetta text.)<\/div>\n
Champollion was forty-one, the world\u2019s first professor of Egyptology, at the Coll\u00e8ge de France, in Paris. On his deathbed, he grieved that he hadn\u2019t finished his \u201cEgyptian Grammar.\u201d \u201cSo soon,\u201d he said, as he felt the end coming. Putting his hand to his forehead, he exclaimed, \u201cThere are so many things inside!\u201d After Jean-Fran\u00e7ois\u2019s death, Jacques-Joseph completed his brother\u2019s \u201cEgyptian Grammar\u201d (1836-41) and then his \u201cEgyptian Dictionary\u201d (1841-43): a life, two lives, well spent.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-59740324<\/a> Kosovo lloga cel\u00b7les de pres\u00f3 a Dinamarca<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-india-60108274<\/a> l’extrema dreta hindu mata els intocables que treballen als escorxadors i prohibeix matar vaques, que es tornen salvatges i acaben atacant persones<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.eldiario.es\/economia\/asume-agujero-40-000-millones-decisiones-gobierno-rajoy_1_8698118.html<\/a> el que ha costat la gesti\u00f3 dels bancs i les trampes comptables del govern del PP de Mariano Rajoy<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/restofworld.org\/2022\/tech-india-caste-divides\/<\/a> les castes a la \u00cdndia continuen a la ind\u00fastria IT<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-60047328<\/a> els drones en la guerra moderna (US + Israel\u00a0 ara Turquia, Iran i disponibles per tothom)<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-60458300<\/a> Putin reescrivint la hist\u00f2ria d’Ucra\u00efna per justificar la invasi\u00f3<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/news\/q-and-a\/why-john-mearsheimer-blames-the-us-for-the-crisis-in-ukraine<\/a> crisi provocada per la pretensi\u00f3 de la NATO d’expandir-se a l’est [ + els assessors informant malament a Putin] desastre absolut<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/time.com\/6154139\/volodymyr-zelensky-ukraine-profile-russia\/<\/a> Zelensky<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/ukraine\/2022-03-04\/what-if-russia-loses<\/a> tothom hi haur\u00e0 perdut<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-us-canada-60669763<\/a> mercenaris a Ucra\u00efna?<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-60767454<\/a>\u00a0 In 1992, Serb nationalists launched a war to strangle the newly independent state of Bosnia at birth. They argued that Bosnian identity was bogus, that Bosnian statehood had no historical legitimacy, that it was really part of Serbia. It is exactly Putin’s view of Ukraine.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-india-61001524<\/a> els nacionalistes hindus no poden arreglar les coses, per\u00f2 poden atacar els musulmans. EL mateix que fa el PP a Espa\u00f1a, com que no poden millorar la vida dels espanyols, els ofereixen fotre els catalans.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-61040359<\/a> S\u00edria s’ha convertit en un narco estat<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2022\/04\/18\/the-people-who-decide-what-becomes-history-richard-cohen-making-history<\/div>\n
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It was at Rome, on the 15th of October 1764, as I sat musing amidst the ruins of the Capitol, while the barefooted friars were singing vespers in the Temple of Jupiter, that the idea of writing the decline and fall of the city first started to my mind.\u201d Those are the words of Edward Gibbon, and the book he imagined was, of course, \u201cThe Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.\u201d The passage is from Gibbon\u2019s autobiography, and it has been quoted many times, because it seems to distill the six volumes of Gibbon\u2019s famous book into an image: friars singing in the ruins of the civilization that their religion destroyed. And maybe we can picture, as in a Piranesi etching, the young Englishman (Gibbon was twenty-seven) perched on the steps of the ancient temple, contemplating the story of how Christianity plunged a continent into a thousand years of superstition and fanaticism, and determining to make that story the basis for a work that would become one of the literary monuments of the Enlightenment.<\/div>\n
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Does it undermine the gravitas of the moment to know that, as Richard Cohen tells us in his supremely entertaining \u201cMaking History: The Storytellers Who Shaped the Past\u201d (Simon & Schuster).<\/div>\n
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\u201cMaking History\u201d is a survey\u2014a monster survey\u2014of historians from Herodotus (the father of lies, in Plutarch\u2019s description) to Henry Louis Gates, Jr., sketching their backgrounds and personalities, summarizing their output, and identifying their agendas. Cohen\u2019s coverage is epic. He writes about ancient historians, Islamic historians, Black historians, and women historians, from the first-century Chinese historian Ban Zhao to the Cambridge classicist Mary Beard. He discusses Japanese and Soviet revisionists who erased purged officials and wartime atrocities from their nations\u2019 authorized histories, and analyzes visual works like the Bayeux Tapestry, which he calls \u201cthe best record of its time, pictorial or otherwise,\u201d and Mathew Brady\u2019s photographs of Civil War battlefields. (\u201cIn effect,\u201d he concludes, \u201cthey were frauds.\u201d)<\/div>\n
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He covers academic historians, including Leopold von Ranke, the nineteenth-century founder of scientific history; the Annales school, in France; and the British rivals Hugh Trevor-Roper and A. J. P. Taylor. He considers authors of historical fiction, including Shakespeare, Walter Scott, Dickens, Tolstoy, Toni Morrison, and Hilary Mantel. He writes about journalists; television documentarians (he thinks Ken Burns\u2019s \u201cmost effective documentaries rank with many of the best works of written history from the last fifty years\u201d); and popular historians, like Winston Churchill, whose history of the Second World War made him millions, even though it was researched and partially written by persons other than Winston Churchill.<\/div>\n
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\u201cMaking History\u201d is a loaf with plenty of raisins. We learn (or I learned, anyway) that Vladimir Putin\u2019s grandfather was Lenin\u2019s and Stalin\u2019s cook, that Napoleon was about average in height, that Ken Burns is a descendant of the poet Robert Burns, and that when the Marxist critic Gy\u00f6rgy Luk\u00e1cs was arrested following the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution and was asked if he was carrying a weapon, he handed over his pen. (That anecdote is a little neat. I had to take it with a grain of salt\u2014but I took it.)<\/div>\n
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It\u2019s striking how often this concept\u2014\u201cwhat it felt like\u201d\u2014turns up in \u201cMaking History\u201d as the true goal of historical reconstruction. \u201cThe historian will tell you what happened,\u201d E. L. Doctorow said. \u201cThe novelist will tell you what it felt like.\u201d Cohen quotes Hilary Mantel: \u201cIf we want added value\u2014to imagine not just how the past was, but what it felt like, from the inside\u2014we pick up a novel.\u201d<\/div>\n
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We expect novelists to make this claim. They can describe what is going on in characters\u2019 heads and what characters are feeling, which historians mostly cannot, or should not, do. But historians want to capture what it felt like, too. For what they are doing is not all that different from what novelists are doing: they are trying to bring a vanished world to life on the page. Novelists are allowed to invent, and historians have to work with verifiable facts. They can\u2019t make stuff up; that\u2019s the one rule of the game. But they want to give readers a sense of what it was like to be alive at a certain time and place. That sense is not a fact, but it is what gives the facts meaning.<\/div>\n
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This is what G. R. Elton, the historian of Tudor England, seems to have meant when he described history as \u201cimagination, controlled by learning and scholarship, learning and scholarship rendered meaningful by imagination.\u201d A German term for this (which Cohen misattributes to Ranke) is Einf\u00fchlungsverm\u00f6gen, which Cohen defines as \u201cthe capacity for adapting the spirit of the age whose history one is writing and of entering into the very being of historical personages, no matter how remote.\u201d A simpler translation would be \u201cempathy.\u201d It\u2019s in short supply today. We live in a judgy age, and judgments are quick. But what would it mean to empathize with a slave trader? Is understanding a form of excusing?<\/div>\n
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History writing is based on the faith that events, despite appearances, don\u2019t happen higgledy-piggledy\u2014that although individuals can act irrationally, change can be explained rationally. As Cohen says, Gibbon thought that, as philosophy was the search for first principles, history was the search for the principle of movement. Many Western historians, even \u201cscientific\u201d historians, like Ranke, assumed that the past has a providential design. Ranke spoke of \u201cthe hand of God\u201d behind historical events.<\/div>\n
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Marxist historians, like Hobsbawm, believe in a law of historical development. Some writers of history, such as those in the Annales school, think that political events do happen pretty much higgledy-piggledy (which is why they are notoriously difficult to predict, although commentators somehow make a living doing just that), but that there are regularities beneath the surface chaos\u2014cycles, rhythms, the longue dur\u00e9e.<\/div>\n
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Still, history is not a science. Essentially, as A. J. P. Taylor said, it is \u201csimply a form of story-telling.\u201d It\u2019s storytelling with facts. And the facts do not speak for themselves, and they are not just there for the taking. They are, as the English historian E. H. Carr put it, \u201clike fish swimming about in a vast and sometimes inaccessible ocean; and what the historian catches will depend, partly on chance, but mainly on what part of the ocean he chooses to fish in and what tackle he chooses to use\u2014these two factors being, of course, determined by the kind of fish he wants to catch. By and large, the historian will get the kind of facts he wants.\u201d<\/div>\n
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It\u2019s interpretation all the way down. The lesson to be drawn from this, I think, is that the historian should never rule anything out. Everything, from the ownership of the means of production to the color that people painted their toenails, is potentially relevant to our ability to make sense of the past. The Annales historians called this approach \u201ctotal history.\u201d But, even in total history, you catch some fish and let the others go. You try to get the facts you want.<\/div>\n
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And what do historians want the facts for? The implicit answer of Cohen\u2019s book is that there are a thousand purposes\u2014to indoctrinate, to entertain, to warn, to justify, to condemn. But the purpose is chosen because it matters personally to the historian, and it is, almost always, because it matters to the historian that the history that is produced matters to us. As Cohen says, it is a great irony of writing about the past that \u201cany author is the prisoner of their character and circumstances yet often they are the making of him.\u201d<\/div>\n
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[la sensaci\u00f3 que \u00e9s una dial\u00e8ctica perversa inevitable, que sempre intentem fere servir la for\u00e7a per consolidar la nostra posici\u00f3, i quan arriba un nou poder, aquest esdev\u00e9 desp\u00f2tic, tamb\u00e9 inevitablement perqu\u00e8 els que s’hi oposen tampoc ens deixen alternativa]<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2022\/06\/how-san-francisco-became-failed-city\/661199\/<\/a><\/div>\n
Ciutat que falla per pol\u00edtica progressista d’esquerres mal entesa. Plena de gent sense sostre i drogadictes. This approach to drug use and homelessness is distinctly San Franciscan, blending empathy-driven progressivism with California libertarianism. The roots of this belief system reach back to the \u201960s, when hippies filled the streets with tents and weed. The city has always had a soft spot for vagabonds, and an admirable focus on care over punishment.<\/div>\n
It may not have been so clear until now, but San Franciscans have been losing patience with the city\u2019s leadership for a long time. Nothing did more to alienate them over the years than how the progressive leaders managed the city\u2019s housing crisis.<\/div>\n
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Consider the story of the flower farm at 770 Woolsey Street. It slopes down 2.2 acres in the sunny southern end of the city and is filled with run-down greenhouses, the glass long shattered\u2014a chaos of birds and wild roses. For five years, advocates fought a developer who was trying to put 63 units on that bucolic space. They wanted to sell flowers there and grow vegetables for the neighborhood\u2014a kind of banjo-and-beehives utopian fantasy. The thing they didn\u2019t want\u2014at least not there, not on that pretty hill\u2014was a big housing development. Who wants to argue against them? In San Francisco the word developer is basically a slur, close to calling someone a Republican. What kind of monster wants to bulldoze wild roses?<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-62215620<\/a>\u00a0 l’\u00fas del jijab baixa, es va estendre el 2011 com a reaaci\u00f3 al secularisme imposat des de dalt.\u00a0 [i a Tun\u00edsia han aprovat unrefer\u00e8ndum atorgant m\u00e9s poder a un president en detriment d’una democr\u00e0cia que no ha aportat m\u00e9s benestar ni progr\u00e9s.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2022\/08\/22\/american-democracy-was-never-designed-to-be-democratic-eric-holder-our-unfinished-march-nick-seabrook-one-person-one-vote-jacob-grumbach-laboratories-against-democracy<\/a><\/div>\n
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Half the population today is represented by eighteen senators, the other half by eighty-two. The Senate also packs a parliamentary death ray, the filibuster, which would allow forty-one senators representing ten per cent of the public to block legislation supported by senators representing the other ninety per cent.<\/div>\n
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But the House of Representatives\u2014that\u2019s the people\u2019s house, right? Not necessarily. In the 2012 Presidential election, Barack Obama defeated Mitt Romney by five million votes, and Democrats running for the House got around a million more votes than Republicans, but the Republicans ended up with a thirty-three-seat advantage. Under current law, congressional districts within a state should be approximately equal in population. So how did the Republicans get fewer votes but more seats? It\u2019s the same thing that let Stephen A. Douglas retain his Senate seat in 1858: partisan gerrymandering.<\/div>\n
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We have two Dakotas in part because Republicans were in power in Washington, and they figured that splitting the Dakota territory in two would yield twice as many new Republican senators.<\/div>\n
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VIOL\u00c8NCIA RELIGIOSA<\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-india-62206585 mestra hindu assassinada al Kashmir<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-62678403 dones que porten hijab discriminads a Egipte<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2022\/09\/12\/cant-we-come-up-with-something-better-than-liberal-democracy-two-cheers-for-politics-isonomia-and-the-origins-of-philosophy<\/div>\n
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l’ideal d’unir el poble lliure d’interfer\u00e8ncies del capital no sap veure que, en general, el poble no est\u00e0 d’acord i no t\u00e9 un punt de vista \u00fanic.<\/div>\n
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The art historian Kenneth Clark recalled appearing in those years on a popular BBC radio quiz program, \u201cThe Brains Trust,\u201d and fumbling a question on the best form of government. The \u201cright\u201d answer, given by all the other panelists, was \u201cdemocracy,\u201d but this seemed to Clark \u201cincredibly unhistorical\u201d; he had, after all, studied the rise of Botticellian beauty in the Medici-mafia state of Florence, and of Watteau and rococo under the brute dynastic rule of France, and generally valued those despotic regimes where more great art and music got made than has ever been created under a bourgeois democracy.<\/div>\n
These days, liberal, representative democracy\u2014moribund in Russia, failing in Eastern Europe, sickened in Western Europe, and having come one marginally resolute Indiana politician away from failing here\u2014seems in the gravest danger.<\/div>\n
\u201cTwo Cheers for Politics\u201d (Basic Books), by the political essayist and law professor Jedediah Purdy<\/div>\n
Reagan and Thatcher, or their financiers, brought about an era of plutocratic planetary rule, which hasn\u2019t been reformed since. Blair and Clinton were mere handmaidens of the market, neoliberals making their peace with globalization and its inequality.<\/div>\n
Yet Purdy does think that Trump\u2019s campaign, like those of Obama and Sanders, signalled an appetite for democratic renewal, and a revival of \u201cpolitical energies that had receded far from the center of public life\u201d.<\/div>\n
He is angry at the \u00e9lites who supervise the bureaucratic capitalist state on behalf of their overlords while keeping up an elaborate masquerade of equality of opportunity. Harvard gets hit particularly hard here: slots at Harvard College, he tells us, are bought and sold, while its Crimson meritocrats go on to staff \u201cDemocratic administrations,\u201d the Times, and, well, The New Yorker.<\/div>\n
Purdy blames \u201cmarket colonization\u201d for the Supreme Court\u2019s reactionary decision-making, but the Court\u2019s most reactionary decisions have little to do with the desires of capitalism or, anyway, of capitalists: the Goldman Sachs crowd is fine with women\u2019s autonomy, being significantly composed of liberal women, and would prefer fewer gun massacres. And though the struggle to maintain democratic institutions within a capitalist society has been intense, the struggle to maintain democratic institutions in anti-capitalist countries has been catastrophic. We do poorly, but the Chinese Communist Party does infinitely worse, even when it tilts toward some version of capitalism.<\/div>\n
But the greatest service of politics isn\u2019t to enable the mobilization of people who have the same views; it\u2019s to enable people to live together when their views differ. Politics is a way of getting our ideas to brawl in place of our persons. Though democracy is practiced when people march on Washington and assemble in parks\u2014when they feel that they have found a common voice\u2014politics is practiced when the shouting turns to swapping. Politics was Disraeli getting one over on the nineteenth-century Liberal Party by leaping to electoral reform for the working classes, thereby trying to gain their confidence; politics was Mandela making a deal with de Klerk to respect the white minority in exchange for a peaceful transition to majority rule. Politics is Biden courting and coaxing Manchin (whose replacement would be incomparably farther to the right) to make a green deal so long as it was no longer colored green. The difficulty with the Athenian synecdoche is that getting the part to act as the whole presupposes an agreement among the whole. There is no such agreement.<\/div>\n
The perennial temptation of leftist politics is to suppose that opposition to its policies among the rank and file must be rooted in plutocratic manipulation, and therefore curable by the reassertion of the popular will. The evidence suggests, alas, that very often what looks like plutocratic manipulation really is the popular will. Many Munchkins like the witch, or at least work for the witch out of dislike for some other ascendant group of Munchkins. (Readers of the later L. Frank Baum books will recall that Munchkin Country is full of diverse and sometimes discordant groupings.) The awkward truth is that Thatcher and Reagan were free to give the plutocrats what they wanted because they were giving the people what they wanted: in one case, release from what had come to seem a stifling, union-heavy statist system; in the other, a spirit of national, call it tribal, self-affirmation.<\/div>\n
————<\/div>\n
Purdy\u2019s vision of democracy would, of course, omit the bugs in the Athenian model: the misogyny, the slavery, the silver mines. But what if the original sin of the democratic vision lies right there\u2014what if, by the time we got to Athens, democratic practice was already fallen and hopelessly corrupted, with the slaves and the silver mines and the imperialism inherent to the Athenian model? This is the hair-raising thesis advanced by the illustrious Japanese philosopher K\u014djin Karatani. In his book \u201cIsonomia and the Origins of Philosophy,\u201d Athenian democracy is exposed as a false idol.<\/div>\n
His ideal is, instead, \u201cisonomia,\u201d the condition of a society in which equal speaks to equal as equal, with none ruled or ruling, and he believes that such an order existed around the Ionian Islands of the seventh and sixth centuries B.C.E., before the rise of Athens.<\/div>\n
If Purdy is susceptible to the Munchkinland theory of social change, Karatani is tempted by what might be called the Atlantis theory of political history. Once upon a time, there was a great, good place where life was beautiful, thought was free, and everyone was treated fairly. This good place was destroyed by some kind of earthquake\u2014perhaps visited from outside, perhaps produced by an internal shaking of its own plates\u2014and vanished into the sea, though memories of it remain.<\/div>\n
As Amartya Sen argues, good primary schools contribute as much to democracy as strong political parties do, and, as Robert Putnam has shown many times, the presence of choral groups and caf\u00e9s in an Italian town tells us more about its prospects than the wisdom of the laws in its statute book does.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
If Purdy is susceptible to the Munchkinland theory of social change, Karatani is tempted by what might be called the Atlantis theory of political history. Once upon a time, there was a great, good place where life was beautiful, thought was free, and everyone was treated fairly.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2022\/10\/10\/has-the-cia-done-more-harm-than-good<\/a> la CIA<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/resources\/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1<\/a> 100 dones de 2022 BBC<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2023\/roman-concrete-durability-lime-casts-0106<\/a> el ciment que feien servir els romans<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2023\/01\/30\/whats-the-matter-with-men<\/a> la crisi dels homes<\/div>\n
Reeves writes. \u201cSuddenly, working for gender equality means focusing on boys rather than girls.\u201d \u201cAs far as I can tell, nobody predicted that women would overtake men so rapidly, so comprehensively, or so consistently around the world,\u201d Boys, meanwhile, are at least twice as likely to be diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and twice as likely to be suspended; their dropout rates, too, are considerably higher than those of their female counterparts. Young men are also four times as likely to die from suicide.<\/div>\n
This story pushes to the side the male-favoring disparities in the world of work. The gender pay gap is usually described by noting that a woman earns eighty-four cents for every dollar earned by a man (though this is up from sixty-four cents in 1980). Barely one-tenth of the C.E.O.s in the Fortune 500 are women (and that is itself a twenty-six-fold increase since 2000, when only two women were in the club). The #MeToo movement began just five years ago; the sexual harassment that women face has hardly been extinguished. Even in the workplace, however, gender convergence may be arriving sooner than anticipated.<\/div>\n
Within occupations, there\u2019s often no wage gap until women have children and reduce their work hours. \u201cFor most women, having a child is the economic equivalent of being hit by a meteorite,\u201d Reeves observes. \u201cFor most men, it barely makes a dent.\u201d<\/div>\n
White men experienced a specific blow that Black men had felt earlier and even more acutely. In a classic study, \u201cThe Truly Disadvantaged,\u201d the sociologist William Julius Wilson argued that early waves of deindustrialization after the Second World War devastated the lives of working-class African Americans, who were buffeted both by economic forces, in the form of greater rates of joblessness, and by social ones, including worsened prospects for marriage. Later came the effects of the so-called China shock\u2014the contraction of American manufacturing, a male-skewing sector, as a result of increased trade. David Autor, an economist at M.I.T., estimates that normalizing trade relations with China in 2001 cost as many as two million American jobs, often in places that had not recovered even a decade later.<\/div>\n
[molts homes deixen la feina. In 2017, the late Alan Krueger, who chaired President Obama\u2019s Council of Economic Advisers, calculated that nearly half of all nonworking men were taking pain medication on a daily basis, and argued that the increased prescribing of opioids could explain a lot of the decline in the male labor force.]<\/div>\n
His signature idea, though, is to \u201credshirt\u201d boys and give them all, by default, an extra year of kindergarten. The aim is to compensate for their slower rates of adolescent brain development, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, which controls decision-making. Reeves, who places great stock in this biological difference, also places great stock in his proposed remedy: \u201cA raft of studies of redshirted boys have shown dramatic reductions in hyperactivity and inattention through the elementary school years, higher levels of life satisfaction, lower chances of being held back a grade later, and higher test scores.\u201d<\/div>\n
[A college athlete who is allowed to practice with the varsity team but is kept out of competition for one year in order to extend the athlete’s period of eligibility.]<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20230320-the-great-debate-about-mummies-should-we-unwrap-them<\/a>\u00a0 Les m\u00f2mies a Egipte no eren per preservar els cad\u00e0vers sin\u00f3 per ajudar-los a ser d\u00e9us en el m\u00e9s enll\u00e0<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
ECONOMIST 24\/3: Mr Xi believes in the inexorable decline of the Amer\u00adican-led world order, with its professed concern for rules and human rights. He aims to twist it into a more transactional system of deals between great powers. Do not underestimate the perils of this vision\u2014or its appeal around the world.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-65015289<\/a> un pare rus perd la cust\u00f2dia de la filla que havia fet un dibuix contra la guerra.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-64300442<\/a> les xarxes socials permeten orgnitzar manifestacions per\u00f2 aquestes protestes s\u00f3n m\u00e9s vulnerables a la repressi\u00f3. I a m\u00e9s no tenen darrere un moviment.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
https:\/\/bigthink.com\/the-future\/ai-translates-cuneiform\/<\/a> AI per traduir tauletes<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
https:\/\/bigthink.com\/the-past\/cleopatra-perfume-mendes\/<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2023\/05\/29\/the-world-a-family-history-of-humanity-simon-sebag-montefiore-book-review Nepo babies, la hist\u00f2ria seguint el poder de les fam\u00edlies<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Europa no t\u00e9 pres\u00e8ncia a Ucraina, al conflicte de Gaza i es deixa manipular per la dreta. Barberta. (El Nacional 24\/12\/23<\/a>)<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
La treva de Nadal a la WWI. Els soldats van intercanviar cigarrets i van fer un partit de futbol. Els comandaments la van prohibir despr\u00e9s. (BBC<\/a>)<\/div>\n
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\n<\/div>\n
2024<\/div>\n
Trump, com el rei d’Espanya, reclama immunitat BBC<\/a><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.vox.com\/24055522\/israel-hamas-gaza-war-strategy-netanyahu-strategy-morality?utm_source=pocket_mylist No hi ha un pla per despr\u00e9s de la guerra<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2024\/02\/05\/ukraines-democracy-in-darkness la guerra ha fet retrocedir la democr\u00e0cia a Ucra\u00efna<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.vox.com\/world-politics\/24160779\/inside-indias-secret-campaign-to-threaten-and-harass-americans?utm_source=pocket_mylist
\nEl m\u00f3n gira cap a l’autoritarisme: R\u00fassia, Xina, \u00cdndia, esclafant l’oposici\u00f3 … per\u00f2 passa que en democr\u00e0cia els partits no miren el b\u00e9 com\u00fa sin\u00f3 nom\u00e9s com destruir l’adversari, sabotejant pressupostos nom\u00e9s per fer caure el govern.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Autoritarisme<\/p>\n

Xina amonesta unes escoles per que no canten l’himne amb prou entusiasme BBC<\/a>
\nCorea del nord executa un home per escoltar i difondre KPop. El Nacional<\/a>.<\/p>\n

els palestins nom\u00e9s volen destruir Israel, no un estat propi. (el Nacional<\/a>)<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c8dj0833g99o
\nMore than 450,000 people have been murdered and tens of thousands have gone missing across Mexico since the government deployed the army to combat drug trafficking in 2006.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.elnacional.cat\/ca\/opinio\/occident-culpa-sempre-israel-tot-josep-gisbert_1295646_102.html el blasme injustificat a Israel<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c70zke9lqjro El L\u00edban, ocupat per S\u00edria i Iran a trav\u00e9s de Hezbollah per atacar Israel.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cj4vw1l8xvdo erudit isl\u00e0mic critica Hamas per posar en perill la poblaci\u00f3<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c1e7vl01gngo els criminals russos reclutats per lluitar a Ukraina tornen a casa creient-se impunes<\/p>\n

S\u00edria, entre la dictadura d’Assad i l’extremisme radical https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/ce313jn453zo<\/p>\n

A la \u00cdndia empresonen un fact checker que denuncia la viol\u00e8ncia hindu https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c3dx9gy0k9no<\/p>\n

https:\/\/apnews.com\/associated-press-100-photos-of-2024-an-epic-catalog-of-humanity les fotos de 2024<\/p>\n

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2025<\/p>\n

L\u00edban, Still, a new chapter has been opened in Lebanon, a country exhausted by pervasive corruption, government mismanagement and seemingly endless violence. It is a combination that has resulted in a dysfunctional state. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cp82pm3exz0o<\/p>\n

la guerra de S\u00edria https:\/\/www.context.news\/socioeconomic-inclusion\/syria-the-war-in-numbers<\/p>\n

1953 1973 MKultra Program de la CIA per debilitar o programar humans administrant drogues. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MKUltra<\/p>\n

https:\/\/newlinesmag.com\/first-person\/my-grandpa-the-fascist\/ El passat colonialista d’It\u00e0lia a Etiopia, L\u00edbia i Gr\u00e8cia<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.elle.com\/culture\/career-politics\/a64147509\/jacinda-ardern-new-zealand-prime-minister-interview-2025\/ una altra manera d’exercir el poder<\/p>\n

La venjan\u00e7a de Trump https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2025\/04\/12\/politics\/trump-krebs-khalil-taylor-crackdown-dissent-what-matters\/index.html<\/p>\n

Sabotatges a avions per part de R\u00fassia https:\/\/www.vanityfair.com\/news\/story\/inside-new-security-threats-in-the-skies?utm_source=pocket_saves<\/p>\n

300 nens cristians segrestats a Nig\u00e8ria BBC<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Not\u00edcies ANTERIORS http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/arts\/critics\/atlarge\/2012\/10\/29\/121029crat_atlarge_gopnik [Gopnik revisa alguns llibres que avaluen el paper de la geografia com a determinant. Per\u00f2 la gent i les idees tamb\u00e9 compten. M’agrada la la frase final: Tyranny flourished in the British Isles; and, when it ended, England had not drifted any closer to the Continent. Good ideas matter, as does the … <\/p>\n

Continue reading “Hist\u00f2ria. Conflictes. Autoritarisme”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[45,44],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1430"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1430"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1430\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1971,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1430\/revisions\/1971"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1430"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1430"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1430"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}