{"id":1447,"date":"2023-12-19T10:30:13","date_gmt":"2023-12-19T10:30:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/?p=1447"},"modified":"2026-01-02T10:33:01","modified_gmt":"2026-01-02T10:33:01","slug":"medi-ambient","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/meumon.synology.me\/wordpress\/medi-ambient\/","title":{"rendered":"Medi ambient"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Not\u00edcies<\/a><\/p>\n

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11\/03\/2018<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

https:\/\/emprenem.ara.cat\/creixer\/bilionari-gran-negoci-leconomia-verda_0_1976202392.html<\/a>\u00a0Grans corporacions com Ikea i Nike ja recuperen en forma de milers de milions les inversions en sostenibilitat<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2018\/03\/12\/when-twenty-six-thousand-stinkbugs-invade-your-home<\/a>\u00a0<\/b>Katrhyn Schulz sobre les xinxes (xinxa singular)<\/div>\n
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http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/story\/20181017-striking-photos-of-human-scars-on-earth<\/a>\u00a0fotos mostrant l’impacte de l’home sobre la terra.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2018\/11\/26\/how-extreme-weather-is-shrinking-the-planet<\/a>\u00a0estem deixant part el planeta inhabitable<\/div>\n
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MEDI AMBIENT<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2019\/02\/04\/a-grand-plan-to-clean-the-great-pacific-garbage-patch<\/a>\u00a0El projecte de netejar el pl\u00e0stic dels oceans arrossegant-lo. Cada any es vessen 8 milions de tones de pl\u00e0stic.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/getpocket.com\/explore\/item\/if-everyone-ate-beans-instead-of-beef<\/a>\u00a0emissions de gasos i carn<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2019\/09\/30\/can-a-burger-help-solve-climate-change<\/a>\u00a0carn artificial per combatre el canvi clim\u00e0tic<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2020\/02\/17\/can-farming-make-space-for-nature<\/a>\u00a0una agricultura menys industrialitzada<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2020\/03\/09\/how-south-korea-is-composting-its-way-to-sustainability<\/a>\u00a0compostatge a Corea vs NYC<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-53138178<\/a>\u00a0pol\u00edtiques de reforestaci\u00f3 fan que propietaris canviin bosc aut\u00f2cton per noves esp\u00e8cies epr cobrar la subvenci\u00f3<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/nymag.com\/intelligencer\/article\/climate-change-after-pandemic.html<\/a> Just a half-decade ago, it was widely believed that a \u201cbusiness as usual\u201d emissions path would bring the planet four or five degrees of warming \u2014 enough to make large parts of Earth effectively uninhabitable. Now, thanks to the rapid death of coal, the revolution in the price of renewable energy, and a global climate politics forged by a generational awakening, the expectation<\/a> is for about three degrees. Recent pledges could bring us closer to two<\/a>. \/\/ But in October, a team of researchers including Joeri Rogelj of the Imperial College of London calculated<\/a> that just one-tenth of the COVID-19 stimulus spending already committed around the world, directed toward decarbonization during each of the next five years, would be sufficient to deliver the goals of the Paris agreement and stop global warming well below two degrees.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20210126-the-richest-human-made-marine-habitats-in-the-world<\/a> plataformes petrolieres reutilitzades com a h\u00e0bitats per peixos, esculls naturals<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/02\/08\/how-a-young-activist-is-helping-pope-francis-battle-climate-change<\/a> una activista inventariant les terres de l’esgl\u00e9sia pel medi ambient<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.wired.co.uk\/article\/bill-gates-interview-climate-crisis<\/a> Bill Gates sobre accelerar la recerca per eliminar el carboni de l’atmosfer<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/03\/08\/fish-farming-is-feeding-the-globe-whats-the-cost-for-locals<\/a> les granges del peix que es compra s’alimenten de pinso fet de peix que esgota recursos i contamina.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20210310-the-trillion-dollar-plan-to-capture-co2<\/a> ja que no sabem reduir les emissions de CO2 plantegem capturar-lo<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/culture\/archive\/2021\/04\/problem-nature-documentaries\/618553\/<\/a> els documentals sobre natura de la bbc donen una visi\u00f3 idealitada, sense turistes, sense africans, triant nom\u00e9s els moments m\u00e9s espectaculars.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.vox.com\/22584103\/biodiversity-species-conservation-debate<\/a> el debat sobre biodiversitat, potser n val tant la pena?<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-08-12\/fast-fashion-turning-parts-ghana-into-toxic-landfill\/100358702<\/a> la roba que llencem als pa\u00efsos rics acaba essent un abocador a Ghana<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool<\/a> wind-catchers, les torres per capturar el vent i enviar-lo avall als edificis per refrescar-los.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-58981505<\/a> informe recomanant de menjar menys carn a UK eliminat, igual que va passar a Espanya.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-58874831<\/a> problemes de medi ambient que s’han solucionat<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2021\/10\/11\/can-nuclear-fusion-put-the-brakes-on-climate-change fusi\u00f3 nuclear<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature<\/a> posant preu als ecosistemes [ la natura no \u00e9s infinita, els residus que generem, s\u00f2lids o de CO2, tenen un impacte que cal valorar econ\u00f2micament ]<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field<\/a> alternatives al gas natural<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20211103-the-most-important-number-youve-never-heard-of<\/a> SCC el cost d’una tona de carb\u00f3 extra si no fem res.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-56901261<\/a> acords del COP26,\u00a0 Objectiu, limitar l’augment de temperatura a 1.5\u00ba, que 200 pa\u00efsos concretin els seus plans per reduir emissions. ue els pa\u00efsos rics financiin amb 100bn els pa\u00efsos pobres afectats. El comprom\u00eds d’eliminar els combustibles f\u00f2ssils \u00e9s feble. More than 40 countries – which include major coal-users including Poland, Vietnam and Chile – agreed to shift away from coal. Coal is the single biggest contributor to climate change. Although progress has been made in reducing its use, it still produced about 37% of the world’s electricity in 2019. Some of the world’s most coal-dependent countries, including Australia, India, China and the US, haven’t signed up. And the agreement doesn’t cover other fossil fuels such as oil or gasrb\u00f3 \u00e9s feble (). Aturar la desforestaci\u00f3. Reduir el met\u00e0 (The big emitters China, Russia and India haven’t joined – but it’s hoped they will later.)<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-59251912<\/a> nous arguments negacionistes<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2021\/12\/23\/1042973\/climate-change-action-progress-clean-energy\/<\/a> gr\u00e0cies a les mesures implementades, els pitjors escenaris es podran evitar<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/22858437\/2021-mining-critical-minerals-clean-energy-renewables-climate-change<\/a> Generar energia amb plaques solars o turbines requereix 9 cops m\u00e9s minerals que una planta t\u00e8rmica; un cotxe el\u00e8ctric sis vegades m\u00e9s que un cotxe de combusti\u00f3.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2022\/01\/plastic-history-climate-change\/621033\/<\/a> pl\u00e0stics i canvi clim\u00e0tic<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/ideas\/videos\/what-if-the-whole-world-went-vegan\/p082l2r8<\/a> medi ambient, si tot el m\u00b4n es torn\u00e9s vegan<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2022\/01\/17\/the-great-siberian-thaw<\/a><\/div>\n
el desgla\u00e7 del permafrost Siberi\u00e0<\/div>\n
Over thousands of years, the frozen earth swallowed up all manner of organic material, from tree stumps to woolly mammoths. As the permafrost thaws, microbes in the soil awaken and begin to feast on the defrosting biomass. It\u2019s a funky, organic process, akin to unplugging your freezer and leaving the door open, only to return a day later to see that the chicken breasts in the back have begun to rot. In the case of permafrost, this microbial digestion releases a constant belch of carbon dioxide and methane. Scientific models suggest that the permafrost contains one and a half trillion tons of carbon, twice as much as is currently held in Earth\u2019s atmosphere.\/ In the summer of 1827, a merchant named Fedor Shergin, whom the tsar had dispatched to Yakutia as a representative of the Russian-\u00adAmerican Company, tried to dig a well. Shergin\u2019s team of laborers spent the next decade chiselling a shaft, reaching three hundred feet down, only to find yet more frozen earth. Finally, in 1844, Alexander von Middendorff, a prominent scientist and explorer, made his way from St. Petersburg to Yakutsk and estimated, correctly, that the soil under the shaft was frozen to a depth of at least six hundred feet. His findings jolted the Russian scientific academy, and eventually reached the salons of Europe.\/ Yakutsk is one of two large cities in the world built in areas of continuous permafrost\u2014that is, where the frozen soil forms an unbroken, below-zero sheet. The other is Norilsk, in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, where Gulag prisoners were sent in the nineteen-\u00adthirties to construct a new settlement. \/ On May 29, 2020, a fuel-storage tank belonging to Norilsk Nickel, one of Russia\u2019s largest mining companies, cracked open, spilling twenty-one thousand tons of diesel into nearby waterways and turning the Ambarnaya River a metallic red. In February, 2021, the state ordered Norilsk Nickel to pay a two-billion-\u00addollar fine, the largest penalty for environmental damage in Russian history. The company had said that the piles supporting the tank failed as the permafrost thawed. An outside scientific review found that those piles had been improperly installed, and that the temperature of the soil was not regularly monitored. In other words, human negligence had compounded the effects of climate change.\/ In July, 2016, a heat wave hit Yamal, with temperatures reaching a hundred degrees Fahrenheit. Laptander was with his flock of two thousand animals near Lake Yaroto, in the middle of the peninsula. The outbreak represented the first anthrax cases on Yamal since 1941. Just about everyone, from scientists to herders, had believed that the bacteria-borne disease was eradicated long ago.\/In 2015, scientists from a Russian biology institute in Pushchino, a Soviet-era research cluster outside Moscow, extracted a sample of yedoma from a borehole in Yakutia. Back at their lab, they placed the piece of frozen sediment in a sterilized culture box. A month later, a microscopic, wormlike invertebrate known as a bdelloid rotifer was crawling around inside. Radiocarbon dating revealed the rotifer to be twenty-four thousand years old.\/George Church, a prominent geneticist at Harvard Medical School, has co-founded a startup dedicated to the mammoth de-extinction effort, and hopes that his team will be ready to produce embryos of neo-mammoths within the next few years.\/ As Zimov explained, there isn\u2019t much hope of quickly cooling air temperatures. But lessening the snow cover during the winter would allow more cold air to reach the permafrost. \u201cYou could do this mechanically, by sending three hundred million workers with shovels across Siberia,\u201d he said. \u201cOr you can do the same, for free, with horses, musk ox, bison, sheep, reindeer.\u201d Those animals would break down shrubs and churn the soil, allowing grasslands to reappear. In summer, owing to the albedo effect\u2014light surfaces reflect heat, dark ones absorb it\u2014the pale grass would stay cooler than the brown shrubs that currently blanket the tundra.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20220125-why-climate-change-is-inherently-racist<\/a> el racisme del problema del canvi clim\u00e0tic. els problemes els hem causat els pa\u00efsos industrialitzats per\u00f2 les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies les pateixen sobretot els pa\u00efsos del tercer m\u00f3n.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2022\/01\/31\/americas-favorite-pickup-truck-goes-electric<\/a><\/div>\n
Ford pickup electric<\/div>\n
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Electric trucks are intended, in part, to appeal to drivers like me, who feel guilty about their gas-guzzler, as well as to citizens whose concern for the common good has kept them from buying a pickup at all. (Two hundred thousand people have reserved Lightnings with Ford dealers; most of those potential customers are neither pickup drivers nor Ford owners.) But will buying a Lightning absolve me of my sins against nature? If one calculates all the nonrenewable-energy costs incurred in manufacturing an E.V. pickup, including the mining and processing of battery metals\u2014lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese, among others\u2014and the worldwide shipping of those components, along with the percentage of fossil-fuel-based energy that goes into the grid that charges E.V.s (in 2020, less than twenty per cent of the electricity generated in the U.S. came from renewables), and then compares that with the environmental cost of driving my gas F-150, might keeping my old truck be the better option for now, at least until renewable-energy sources make the grid cleaner?<\/div>\n
According to Rahul Malik, a battery scientist who is currently working in the natural-resources department of the Canadian government, even an E.V. plugged into a highly renewable grid must be driven for more than twenty-five thousand miles before it has lower \u201clife cycle\u201d emissions (which include the energy used in mining and manufacturing) than a combustion vehicle. And, as William Green, a professor of chemical engineering at M.I.T., pointed out to me, \u201cif a person sells their used car and buys an E.V., that used car doesn\u2019t disappear, it just has a new owner, so it keeps on emitting.\u201d Ultimately, what matters is that first-time car buyers choose electric.<\/div>\n
Then there\u2019s the other big issue with pickups, whether they\u2019re gas-powered or E.V.s: their size. Since 1990, according to Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the weight of the average pickup has increased by twelve hundred and fifty-six pounds\u2014thirty-two per cent. A recent post on Vice observed that the largest pickups and S.U.V.s today are as big as Second World War-era tanks. Now pickups are going to get heavier still. The Lightning, because of its lithium-ion battery, weighs approximately sixty-five hundred pounds; in some cases the pickup can be more than two thousand pounds heavier than its gas counterpart. You\u2019ll be capable of assaulting a mountaintop redoubt, even if you\u2019re just driving to the store for milk.<\/div>\n
But perhaps the most significant difference is a dearth of human workers. Because E.V.s contain fewer parts, they take less work to put together, which means fewer workers are needed. The United Auto Workers wants to preserve existing jobs. President Biden, responding to these concerns, offered up to $12,500 in tax credits on E.V.s bought from unionized shops, like Ford, as part of the stalled Build Back Better bill, making the starting price of a Lightning, $27,500, an incredible deal. But the added incentive doesn\u2019t really address the inevitability of autoworkers\u2019 jobs becoming increasingly automated.<\/div>\n
The electrification of Ford\u2019s fleet isn\u2019t the most challenging task that the company faces. As Jim Farley explained after my Rouge tour, \u201cThis industry is overly focussed on the propulsion change. But the real change is that we are moving to a software-defined experience for our customers.\u201d That experience will gradually replace what drivers do now, until Ford\u2019s fleet becomes fully autonomous, at some point years from now. \u201cCan we sleep in our cars?\u201d Farley asked, in a way that suggested the answer will be yes. \u201cCan we use them as business places, so we leave for work an hour later?\u201d Again, yes. \u201cThen the drive totally changes.\u201d<\/div>\n
Ford is at that juncture now. The automaker must come up with a vehicular version of Apple\u2019s iOS for this software-first world in which Ford has very little experience. Historically, the company has outsourced electronics and software, and while the communication template is largely standardized, each supplier uses it differently. \u201cWe delegated our electrical systems and software to twenty suppliers,\u201d Farley told me, \u201cand different parts of the car can\u2019t speak to each other\u2014the software that controls seat movement can\u2019t talk to the software that controls the door latch, say.\u201d<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-60662541<\/a> trobat l’Endurance de Sackleton<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-60987614<\/a> menys carb\u00f3, tapar el sol, gastar menys energia, calcular el cost de no fer res, el 10% m\u00e9s ric causa el 45%<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2022\/04\/25\/the-renewable-energy-revolution-will-need-renewable-storage<\/a> com emmagatzemar energia renovable que no sigui amb bateries<\/div>\n
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We already have one kind of renewable energy storage: more than ninety per cent of the world\u2019s energy-storage capacity is in reservoirs, as part of a remarkable but unsung technology called pumped-storage hydropower. Among other things, \u201cpumped hydro\u201d is used to smooth out spikes in electricity demand. Motors pump water uphill from a river or a reservoir to a higher reservoir; when the water is released downhill, it spins a turbine, generating power again. A pumped-hydro installation is like a giant, permanent battery, charged when water is pumped uphill and depleted as it flows down. The facilities can be awe-inspiring: the Bath County Pumped Storage Station, in Virginia, consists of two sprawling lakes, about a quarter of a mile apart in elevation, among tree-covered slopes; at times of high demand, thirteen million gallons of water can flow every minute through the system, which supplies power to hundreds of thousands of homes. Some countries are expanding their use of pumped hydro, but the construction of new facilities in the United States peaked decades ago. The right geography is hard to find, permits are difficult to obtain, and construction is slow and expensive. The hunt is on for new approaches to energy storage.<\/div>\n
Quidnet\u2019s technology is like a green riff on fracking. In that technique, fluid is injected underground, where it builds up pressure that fractures rocks, releasing natural gas. Quidnet uses some of the same equipment and expertise, but with a different goal: the water is meant to be sandwiched between layers of rock, forming underground reservoirs that can be released on demand.<\/div>\n
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As we approached the farm, Craig mused on the raw physicality of many companies\u2019 approaches. The basic principles are ones you might recall from high-school physics. If you put effort into lifting an object, it stores potential energy; if you then let that object fall, its potential energy becomes kinetic energy, which is capable of powering a generator and creating electricity. The same holds for many physical actions. In addition to lifting weights, energy-storage companies are compressing air or water, or making objects spin, or heating them up. If you use clean energy to do the initial work and find a green way to store and release it, you\u2019ve created an ecologically responsible battery alternative.<\/div>\n
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Energy is stored all around us, in all sorts of ways. A bottle of fizzy water in your fridge holds energy under pressure; a tower of books contains energy, which is released when it falls. On a larger scale, volcanic eruptions and avalanches release stored energy. But energy storage is most useful when it is predictable, convenient, and dense, packing lots of power into a small space.<\/div>\n
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Bill Gross, the Energy Vault co-founder, began looking into energy storage after a long career in West Coast tech, during which he started a string of successful dot-coms and solar-power companies. He wondered if he could construct a system based on the same principles as pumped hydro, but with solids instead of liquids. Rather than pumping water uphill and releasing it downhill, could you stack weights using clean energy, then generate power by using pulleys to lower them? \u201cI wanted to make a sort of virtual mountain,\u201d he told me.<\/div>\n
In renderings, it resembles a boxy automated warehouse forty stories tall. Elevators will use clean power to lift blocks weighing as much as thirty tons and put them on trolleys, which will move them toward the middle of the structure. When energy is needed, the blocks will be moved back to the elevators. As they descend, the elevators will power generators, producing new electricity. Energy Vault claims that the system will have a high round-trip efficiency, regenerating a great deal of the electricity it consumes. Yet even so EVx will have to move thousands of heavy blocks to store and release significant amounts of energy. Ordinarily, our energy use is an abstraction; Energy Vault\u2019s approach reveals it in stark, physical terms.<\/div>\n
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The EVx demo is being developed in a bucolic Swiss mountain valley in the shadow of EV1. In March, Piconi gave me the sales pitch.<\/div>\n
But it\u2019s equally possible to envision a future in which some of the technology works out, and the globe is reshaped by a combination of renewable energy and renewable storage. In such a world, wind turbines and solar farms will spread over fields and coastlines, while geothermal plants draw power from below. Meanwhile, in caves and tanks, hydrogen and compressed air will flow back and forth. In industrial areas, energy warehouses will thrum with the movement of mass. In rural places, water will be driven belowground and then will gush back up. When the sun comes out and the wind rises, the grid will inhale, and electricity will get saved. During the doldrums, the grid will exhale, driving energy to factories, homes, offices, and devices. Instead of burning dead things, in the form of fossil fuels, we\u2019ll create and store energy dynamically, in a living system.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/aeon.co\/essays\/a-short-biography-of-human-excrement-and-its-value<\/a> haur\u00edem de poder recilar els excrements com adob<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20221026-what-if-polluters-paid-for-climate-change-loss-and-damage<\/a> els pa\u00efsos rics haurien de pagar per les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies del canvi clim\u00e0tic<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20221102-how-a-sand-battery-could-transform-clean-energy<\/a> una ateria qu emmagatzema calor en sorra a Finl\u00e0ndia<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-63709352<\/a> alemanya ha construit ports per rebre gas licuat i n dependre de R\u00fassia, a llarg termini ser\u00e0 independent de combustibles f\u00f2ssil.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2022\/11\/28\/climate-change-from-a-to-z<\/div>\n
Arrhenius, who would later win a Nobel Prize for an unrelated discovery, plunged ahead anyway. On Christmas Eve, 1894, he began constructing a climate model\u2014the world\u2019s first. Arrhenius believed that he had unravelled the mystery of the ice ages, a riddle that had \u201chitherto proved most difficult to interpret.\u201d He was at least partly right: ice ages are the product of a complex interplay of forces, including wobbles in the Earth\u2019s orbit and changes in atmospheric CO2. His model turned out to have another use as well. All across Europe and North America, coal was being shovelled into furnaces that were bellowing out carbon dioxide. By thickening the atmospheric blanket that warmed the Earth, humans must, Arrhenius reasoned, be altering the climate. He calculated that, if the amount of carbon dioxide in the air were to double, then global temperatures would rise between three and four degrees Celsius.<\/div>\n
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There\u2019s a great deal of money to be made selling fossil fuels\u2014just in the first quarter of 2022, twenty-five of the world\u2019s largest oil-and-gas producers announced profits of close to a hundred billion dollars\u2014and still more money to be made by burning fossil fuels to make stuff to sell, from sunglasses to steel girders. Meanwhile, the costs of climate change can be fobbed off on someone else. To use the technical term, they are a \u201cnegative externality.\u201dCARBON TAX.\u00a0 Our political system is dominated by corporate money in general and fossil-fuel money in particular. (Last year, the oil-and-gas industry reportedly spent a hundred and twenty million dollars lobbying Washington, and it probably spent a great deal more via front groups.\u201cWhen it comes to global warming, we know that the real problem is not just fossil fuels\u2014it is the logic of endless growth that is built into our economic system,\u201d. \u201cThe difficult truth is that, to prevent climate and ecological catastrophe, we need to level down\u201d.<\/div>\n
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Energia renovable. In 1992, the year of the Earth Summit, the world had exactly one offshore wind farm, called Vindeby. Situated off the Danish island of Lolland, it consisted of eleven turbines, which, collectively, produced less power than BIWF2 does today. Now there are scores of offshore farms, most of them in European and Chinese waters. The largest, known as Hornsea 2, is in the North Sea, off the English coast; it comprises a hundred and sixty-five turbines, each so massive that a single sweep of its blades can power a household for a day. The price of solar power, meanwhile, has declined even more spectacularly. Since 2010, it\u2019s dropped by more than eighty per cent. According to the International Energy Agency, solar power now offers \u201csome of the lowest-cost electricity ever seen.\u201d<\/div>\n
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Alternativa al ciment: In place of cement, CarbiCrete makes use of a waste product\u2014the slag left over from steel production. It pounds the slag into powder and mixes in crushed rock and water. The resulting slurry, which looks a lot like conventional concrete, can then be molded into blocks or tiles.<\/div>\n
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Bateries de ferro i aire<\/div>\n
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If you add up all the energy America uses in a year\u2014to produce electricity and also to perform the many tasks that have yet to be electrified, like driving and flying and making concrete\u2014and you divide that by the total number of Americans, the result is per-capita consumption. The figure comes to about eighty thousand kilowatt hours. Toss in the energy used to manufacture the goods imported into the U.S., and the number rises to almost a hundred thousand kilowatt hours.\/ Owing to this every-day-is-Christmas level of consumption, annual emissions in the U.S. run to sixteen metric tons of CO2 per person. Americans don\u2019t have the world\u2019s highest per-capita emissions\u2014that dubious honor goes to Kuwaitis and Qataris\u2014but we\u2019re up there. Per-capita consumption in Thailand and Argentina runs to around two and a half thousand watts and emissions to around four tons. Ugandans and Ethiopians use a hundred watts and emit a tenth of a ton. Somalis consume a mere thirty watts and emit just ninety pounds. This means that an American household of four is responsible for the same emissions as sixteen Argentineans, six hundred Ugandans, or a Somali village of sixteen hundred.<\/div>\n
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Today, India is home to 1.4 billion people. They consume a thousand watts per person, less than one-tenth of what Americans use. Were India to follow the fossil-fuel-slicked development path pursued by China, Europe, and the U.S., the result would be planetary disaster. Yet asking India to forgo prosperity on the ground that prosperous nations have already consumed too much is obviously impossible. Fewer than half of all households in the country own a refrigerator. Only one in ten owns a computer. And, even though temperatures in Delhi reached a hundred and twenty-one degrees this past spring, just one in four has air-conditioning. Leapfrog, saltar-se el carb\u00f3 i passar directament aenergia solar.<\/div>\n
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The North grew wealthy by burning fossil fuels. It could use that wealth to help other nations leapfrog to renewables. In 2009, at COP15, in Copenhagen, the world\u2019s richest countries took a first step in this direction. They pledged to create a fund to finance clean energy and climate adaptation in countries such as India, Uganda, and Somalia. The fund would grow steadily until, by 2020, it was disbursing a hundred billion dollars a year.<\/div>\n
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The U.S.\u2019s power grid has been called \u201cthe largest machine ever built by man.\u201d It comprises more than eleven thousand generating plants, more than six hundred thousand miles of high-voltage transmission lines, and some six million miles of distribution lines. \/ Take what\u2019s been called the \u201ctransmission quagmire.\u201d To clean up America\u2019s grid, it\u2019s not enough to build new generating capacity, or even new generating capacity plus new storage capacity. Power has to be transported from places that have a lot of wind and sun to urban centers that use a lot of electricity. Decarbonizing the grid will, by one estimate, demand more than a million miles of new transmission lines, and the cost of stringing all these lines will, by another estimate, come to more than two trillion dollars. Managing such a gargantuan project would be difficult enough if someone were in charge. But thanks to the way the grid was put together\u2014bit by bit, over many decades\u2014jurisdiction over transmission lines is divided among an electoral map\u2019s worth of competing authorities.<\/div>\n
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Reaching net zero in the U.S. will require putting such wrangling aside. It will require building out the transmission system while, at the same time, expanding its capacity so that hundreds of millions of cars, trucks, and buses can be run on electricity. It will require installing tens of millions of public charging stations on city streets and even more charging stations in private garages. Assembling the electric cars and trucks will, in turn, necessitate extracting nickel and lithium for their batteries, which will mean siting new mines, either in the U.S. or abroad. The new cars and trucks will themselves have to be manufactured in an emissions-free manner, which will involve inventing new methods for producing steel or building a new infrastructure for capturing and sequestering carbon. \/ Asked to name the most important problem facing the nation, twenty per cent of the respondents said the economy, fifteen per cent said inflation, and eleven per cent said partisan divisions. Only one per cent said climate change. Among registered Republicans, the figure was zero per cent.<\/div>\n
The European Union\u2019s pledge to hit net-zero emissions by 2050 is written into E.U. law. But, after Russia cut gas deliveries to the bloc, several countries, including Germany and the Netherlands, announced plans to fire up old coal plants or extend the lives of plants that had been slated to close. \u201cThe war in Ukraine is putting climate action on the back burner,\u201d<\/div>\n
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The list goes on and on. The fossil-fuel industry will essentially have to be dismantled, and millions of leaky and abandoned wells sealed. Concrete production will have to be re\u00ebngineered. The same goes for the plastics and chemicals industries. Currently, ammonia, a critical component of fertilizer, is produced from natural gas, so the fertilizer industry will also have to be refashioned. Practically all the boilers and water heaters that now run on oil or gas, commercial and residential, will have to be replaced. So will all the gas stoves and dryers and industrial kilns. The airline industry will have to be revamped, as will the shipping industry. Farming is responsible for roughly ten per cent of America\u2019s greenhouse-gas emissions, mostly in the form of nitrous oxide and methane. (Nitrous oxide is a by-product of fertilizer use; methane is released by rotting manure and burping cows.) Somehow, these emissions, too, will have to be eliminated.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20230131-can-city-dwellers-ever-have-heat-pumps<\/a> climatitzaci\u00f3 amb bombes de calor comunit\u00e0ries<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/getpocket.com\/explore\/item\/anchovies-and-sardines-are-a-climate-solution-in-a-can<\/a><\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20230414-climate-change-why-2023-is-a-clean-energy-milestone<\/a> per primer cop podrien baixar les emissions de gasos hivernacle.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-65602519<\/a> els pannels solars tenen una vida de 25 anys i no tenim capacitat de reciclar-los.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.thedriftmag.com\/a-good-prospect\/ ab l’excusa de l’energia verda i cotxes el\u00e8ctrics la ind\u00fastrai de mines es fara rica.<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/worklife\/article\/20231110-the-tough-truth-behind-corporate-net-zero-sustainability-targets<\/a> rere l’etiqueta de ser carbon free d’empreses que emeten CO2 i diuen compensar-ho amb arbres, no hi ha un rigor<\/div>\n
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https:\/\/www.vox.com\/future-perfect\/23939076\/norway-electric-vehicle-cars-evs-tesla-oslo?utm_source=pocket_mylist<\/p>\n

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2024<\/p>\n

Rebecca Solnit: Slow Change Can Be Radical Change<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n