civilitzacio: Rússia

Gorbatxov

Putin

Kievan Rus’ (882–1283)
Main article: Kievan Rus
Scandinavian Norsemen, known as Vikings in Western Europe and Varangians[27] in the East, combined piracy and trade throughout Northern Europe. In the mid-9th century, they began to venture along the waterways from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas.[28] According to the earliest Russian chronicle, a Varangian named Rurik was elected ruler (knyaz) of Novgorod in about 860,[29] before his successors moved south and extended their authority to Kiev,[30] which had been previously dominated by the Khazars.[31] Oleg, Rurik’s son Igor and Igor’s son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar khaganate and launched several military expeditions to Byzantium and Persia.

Thus, the first East Slavic state, Rus’, emerged in the 9th century along the Dnieper River valley.[29] A coordinated group of princely states with a common interest in maintaining trade along the river routes, Kievan Rus’ controlled the trade route for furs, wax, and slaves between Scandinavia and the Byzantine Empire along the Volkhov and Dnieper Rivers.[29]

 

Mongol invasion (1223–1240)
Main articles: Mongol invasion of Rus’ and Tatar invasions

The Sacking of Suzdal by Batu Khan in February 1238: a miniature from the 16th-century chronicle
The invading Mongols accelerated the fragmentation of the Rus’. In 1223, the disunited southern princes faced a Mongol raiding party at the Kalka River and were soundly defeated.[41] In 1237–1238 the Mongols burnt down the city of Vladimir (4 February 1238)[42] and other major cities of northeast Russia, routed the Russians at the Sit’ River,[43] and then moved west into Poland and Hungary. By then they had conquered most of the Russian principalities.[44] Only the Novgorod Republic escaped occupation and continued to flourish in the orbit of the Hanseatic League.[45]

Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547)
Main article: Grand Duchy of Moscow
Rise of Moscow

During the reign of Daniel, Moscow was little more than a small timber fort lost in the forests of Central Russia.
Daniil Aleksandrovich, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, founded the principality of Moscow (known as Muscovy in English),[46] which first cooperated with and ultimately expelled the Tatars from Russia. Well-situated in the central river system of Russia and surrounded by protective forests and marshes, Moscow was at first only a vassal of Vladimir, but soon it absorbed its parent state.

A major factor in the ascendancy of Moscow was the cooperation of its rulers with the Mongol overlords, who granted them the title of Grand Prince of Moscow and made them agents for collecting the Tatar tribute from the Russian principalities. The principality’s prestige was further enhanced when it became the center of the Russian Orthodox Church.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#Early_history

Antiquity
Further information: Bosporan Kingdom, Ancient Greek colonies, Goths, Huns,

Turkic migration, Khazaria, and History of Siberia

Stele with two Hellenistic soldiers of the Bosporan Kingdom; from Taman peninsula (Yubileynoe), southern Russia, 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC; marble, Pushkin Museum
In the later part of the 8th century BCE, Greek merchants brought classical civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria.[14] Gelonus was described by Herodotus as a huge (Europe’s biggest) earth- and wood-fortified grad inhabited around 500 BC by Heloni and Budini. The Bosporan Kingdom was incorporated as part of the Roman province of Moesia Inferior from 63 to 68 AD, under Emperor Nero. At about the 2nd century AD Goths migrated to the Black Sea, and in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, a semi-legendary Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in Southern Russia until it was overrun by Huns. Betwe

 

Peter the Great

1672 -1725 Peter I of Russia
Peter the Great (1672–1725) brought autocracy into Russia and played a major role in bringing his country into the European state system.[82] Russia had now become the largest country in the world, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. The vast majority of the land was unoccupied, and travel was slow. Much of its expansion had taken place in the 17th century, culminating in the first Russian settlement of the Pacific in the mid-17th century, the reconquest of Kiev, and the pacification of the Siberian tribes. However, a population of only 14 million was stretched across this vast landscape. With a short growing season grain yields trailed behind those in the West and potato farming was not yet widespread. As a result, the great majority of the population workforce was occupied with agriculture. Russia remained isolated from the sea trade and its internal trade, communication and manufacturing were seasonally dependent.[83]

1762 – 1796 Catherine the Great
Nearly forty years were to pass before a comparably ambitious ruler appeared on the Russian throne. Catherine II, “the Great” (r. 1762–1796), was a German princess who married the German heir to the Russian crown. Finding him incompetent, Catherine tacitly consented to his murder and in 1762 she became ruler.[89][90] Catherine enthusiastically supported the ideals of The Enlightenment, thus earning the status of an enlightened despot (“despot” is not derogatory in this context.)[91] She patronized the arts, science and learning. She contributed to the resurgence of the Russian nobility that began after the death of Peter the Great. Catherine promulgated the Charter to the Gentry reaffirming rights and freedoms of the Russian nobility and abolishing mandatory state service. She seized control of all the church lands, drastically reduced the size of the monasteries, and put the surviving clergy on a tight budget.[92]

1796 – 1825 Alexandre I. Derrotarà Napoleó

1825 – 1855 Nicolau IThe tsar was succeeded by his younger brother, Nicholas I (1825–1855), who at the onset of his reign was confronted with an uprising. The background of this revolt lay in the Napoleonic Wars, when a number of well-educated Russian officers traveled in Europe in the course of the military campaigns, where their exposure to the liberalism of Western Europe encouraged them to seek change on their return to autocratic Russia. The result was the Decembrist Revolt (December 1825), the work of a small circle of liberal nobles and army officers who wanted to install Nicholas’ brother as a constitutional monarch. But the revolt was easily crushed, leading Nicholas to turn away from liberal reforms and champion the reactionary doctrine “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality”.[105]

 

1855-1881 Alexandre II. Reforma, abolició dels serfs 1855 1881

alexandre ii aboleix la servitud 1l 1855 1881 reformes i prosperitat

1881 – 1894 Alexander III (1881–1894) was throughout his reign a staunch reactionary who revived the maxim of “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and National Character”.[135] A committed Slavophile, Alexander III believed that Russia could be saved from chaos only by shutting itself off from the subversive influences of Western Europe. In his reign Russia concluded the union with republican France to contain the growing power of Germany, completed the conquest of Central Asia, and exacted important territorial and commercial concessions from China.

1894 – 1917 Alexander was succeeded by his son Nicholas II (1894–1917). The Industrial Revolution, which began to exert a significant influence in Russia, was meanwhile creating forces that would finally overthrow the tsar. Politically, these opposition forces organized into three competing parties: The liberal elements among the industrial capitalists and nobility, who believed in peaceful social reform and a constitutional monarchy, founded the Constitutional Democratic party or Kadets in 1905. Followers of the Narodnik tradition established the Socialist-Revolutionary Party or Esers in 1901, advocating the distribution of land among those who actually worked it—the peasants. A