Tag: Israel

Estat d’Israel

[ l’arrel del problema palestí són els cristians. Quan es van convertir en la religió de poder, els cristians van perseguir els jueus a Bizanci. aquests es van escampar per Europa. Els musulmans van ser més tolerants amb ells, es van poder tornar a establir a Jerusalem i a l’Espanya musulmana va florir la cultura. Però a mesura que el cristianisme buscava consolidar-se contra un enemic, van anar essent atacats i reclosos en guetos.

El 1290 van ser expulsats d’Anglaterra, de diversos llocs de França. El 1492 van ser expulsats d’Espanya. La resta de comunitats van sobreviure, atacades sovint, a Alemanya i països de l’est – dels pocs on podem trobar-hi sinagogues – fins arribar a la bogeria dels nazis.

Si els cristians no haguessin perseguit els jueus, aquests no haurien hagut de deixar mai la seva terra. I un cop fora, si tota l’Europa cristiana no els hagués perseguit i, finalment, volgut exterminar, no haurien hagut de buscar un refugi definitiu a la Palestina controlada pels britànics fundant l’estat d’Israel]

Zionisme

Holocaust

The European Enlightenment and Haskalah (18th century)
During the period of the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, significant changes occurred within the Jewish community. The Haskalah movement paralleled the wider Enlightenment, as Jews in the 18th century bega

19th century

An 1806 French print depicts Napoleon Bonaparte emancipating the Jews.
Though persecution still existed, emancipation spread throughout Europe in the 19th century. Napoleon invited Jews to leave the Jewish ghettos in Europe and seek refuge in the newly created tolerant political regimes that offered equality under Napoleonic Law (see Napoleon and the Jews). By 1871, with Germany’s emancipation of Jews, every European country except Russia had emancipated its Jews.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history#Middle_Ages

Byzantine period (324–638 CE)
Main article: Jews of Byzantium
Jews were also widespread throughout the Roman Empire, and this carried on to a lesser extent in the period of Byzantine rule in the central and eastern Mediterranean. The militant and exclusive Christianity and caesaropapism of the Byzantine Empire did not treat Jews well, and the condition and influence of diaspora Jews in the Empire declined dramatically.

Islamic period (638–1099)
Main article: History of the Jews under Muslim rule
In 638 CE the Byzantine Empire lost control of the Levant. The Arab Islamic Empire under Caliph Omar conquered Jerusalem and the lands of Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. As a political system, Islam created radically new conditions for Jewish economic, social, and intellectual development.[37] Caliph Omar permitted the Jews to reestablish their presence in Jerusalem–after a lapse of 500 years.[38] Jewish tradition regards Caliph Omar as a benevolent ruler and the Midrash (Nistarot de-Rav Shimon bar Yoḥai) refers to him as a “friend of Israel.”[38]

Jewish Golden Age in early Muslim Spain (711–1031)
Main article: Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
The Golden Age of Jewish culture in Spain coincided with the Middle Ages in Europe, a period of Muslim rule throughout much of the Iberian Peninsula. During that time, Jews were generally accepted in society and Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life blossomed.

A period of tolerance thus dawned for the Jews of the Iberian Peninsula, whose number was considerably augmented by immigration from Africa in the wake of the Muslim conquest. Especially after 912, during the reign of Abd-ar-Rahman III and his son, Al-Hakam II, the Jews prospered, devoting themselves to the service of the Caliphate of Cordoba, to the study of the sciences, and to commerce and industry, especially to trading in silk and slaves, in this way promoting the prosperity of the country. Jewish economic expansion was unparalleled. In Toledo, Jews were involved in translating Arabic texts to the Romance languages, as well as translating Greek and Hebrew texts into Arabic. Jews also contributed to botany, geography, medicine, mathematics, poetry and philosophy.[41]

Crusaders period (1099–1260)
Main article: History of the Jews and the Crusades
See also: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

Mamluk period (1260–1517)
In the years 1260–1516, the land of Israel was part of the Empire of the Mamluks, who ruled first from Turkey, then from Egypt. The period was characterized by war, uprisings, bloodshed and destruction. Jews suffered persecution and humiliation, but the surviving records note at least 30 Jewish urban and rural communities at the opening of the 16th century.

63 BCE Els Romans conquereixen Palestina

Segle I BCEamb construeix el segon temple que serà destruït pels romans el 70 CE per reprimir una revolta.

Al temps de Jesús “Around the 1st century CE, there were several small Jewish sects: the Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, Essenes, and Christians. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, these sects vanished.^[127] Christianity survived, but by breaking with Judaism and becoming a separate religion; the Pharisees survived but in the form of Rabbinic Judaism (today, known simply as “Judaism”). The Sadducees rejected the divine inspiration of the Prophets and the Writings, relying only on the Torah as divinely inspired. Consequently, a number of other core tenets of the Pharisees’ belief system (which became the basis for modern Judaism), were also dismissed by the Sadducees. (The Samaritans practiced a similar religion, which is traditionally considered separate from Judaism.)

El 132-136 va tenir lloc la revolta Bar Kokhba dels jueus a la província de Judea desencadenada pel descontent per la dominació romana i el projecte de fundar una nova ciutat sobre les runes de Jerusalem, Aelia Capitolina, amb un temple dedicat a Júpiter a la muntanya del Temple. L’emperador Hadrià envia el 134 un exèrcit amb sis legions i esclafa la rebelió. Moriran uns 500m jueus, canviarà el nom al mapa pel de Síria Palestina i prohibirà als jueus que entrin a Jerusalem.

[encara quedarà població al país, però aquesta és una de les causes de la diàspora]