Tag: Judaisme

General, wikipedia

Judaism (originally from Hebrew יהודה, Yehudah, “Judah“;^[1][2] via Latin and Greek) is the ethnic religion of the Jewish people. It is an ancient, monotheistic, Abrahamic religion with the Torah as its foundational text.^[3] It encompasses the religion, philosophy, and culture of the Jewish people.^[4] Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel.^[5] Judaism encompasses a wide body of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. The Torah is part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or the Hebrew Bible, and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide,^[6] Judaism is the tenth largest religion in the world.

Today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism (Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism), Conservative Judaism, and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to Jewish law, the authority of the Rabbinic tradition, and the significance of the State of Israel. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, and that they should be strictly followed. Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditionalist interpretation of Judaism’s requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews

Característiques

Un Déu que intervé en la Història i fa un pacte amb el poble d’Israel, esperant reciprocitat. [com en el cristianisme, sembla una religió no tant de guia per estar millor com el budisme, sinó un contracte a complir. ] Unlike other ancient Near Eastern gods, the Hebrew God is portrayed as unitary and solitary; consequently, the Hebrew God’s principal relationships are not with other gods, but with the world, and more specifically, with the people he created. Judaism thus begins with ethical monotheism: the belief that God is one and is concerned with the actions of mankind.

[A banda del “contracte” amb el poble hi hauria la manera de viure de cada dia] Thus, although there is an esoteric tradition in Judaism (Kabbalah), Rabbinic scholar Max Kadushin has characterized normative Judaism as “normal mysticism”, because it involves everyday personal experiences of God through ways or modes that are common to all Jews. [Sembla més una religió de costums que no de creences teològiues] Whereas Jewish philosophers often debate whether God is immanent or transcendent, and whether people have free will or their lives are determined, Halakha is a system through which any Jew acts to bring God into the world. For some, observance of Jewish law is more important than belief in God per se.

[No hi ha una autoritat central que defineixi quines són les creences bàsiques. Per exemple, no sembla que sigui fonamental la creença en la immortalitat de l’ànima. Per tant sembla més una manera de viure que no una visió tancada sobre l’univers] Els principis de la fe jueva. [Però d’altra banda parteixen d’un text o conjunt de textos als quals tornen repetidament cercant diferents interpretacions], la Torah (Pentateuc) dins de la Tanakh (aprox antic testament) més la “Torah oral” de la Mishna i el Talmud.

Identitat i moviments

“Jueu” ve de Yehuda i de Judà. La identitat és complexa ja que no es correspon exactament ni a la ètnia ni a un conjunt de creences.

According to Rabbinic Judaism, a Jew is anyone who was either born of a Jewish mother or who converted to Judaism in accordance with Jewish Law. All mainstream forms of Judaism today are open to sincere converts, although conversion has traditionally been discouraged since the time of the Talmud. The conversion process is evaluated by an authority, and the convert is examined on his or her sincerity and knowledge. [A diferència dels que volen convertir i sotmetre tothom]. Rabbinical Judaism maintains that a Jew, whether by birth or conversion, is a Jew forever. Thus a Jew who claims to be an atheist or converts to another religion is still considered by traditional Judaism to be Jewish.

Judaisme rabínic

Rabbinic Judaism (or in some Christian traditions, Rabbinism) (Hebrew: “Yahadut Rabanit” – יהדות רבנית) has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Talmud. It is characterised by the belief that the Written Torah (Written Law) cannot be correctly interpreted without reference to the Oral Torah and the voluminous literature specifying what behavior is sanctioned by the Law.

Amb la il·lustració, els Ashkenazi (sobretot als països anglòfons) es van dividir en:

• Orthodox: Orthodox Judaism holds that both the Written and Oral Torah were divinely revealed to Moses and that the laws within it are binding and unchanging. Orthodox Jews generally consider commentaries on the Shulchan Aruch (a condensed codification of halakha that largely favored Sephardic traditions) to be the definitive codification of Jewish law. Orthodoxy places a high importance on Maimonides’ 13 principles as a definition of Jewish faith. Els Haredi segueixen un estricte codi de vestir. Els Hassidic donen importància a la Kabbalah.
• Conservative: els textos estarien subjectes a interpretació pels Rabbis
• Reform. called Liberal or Progressive Judaism in many countries, defines Judaism in relatively universalist terms, rejects most of the ritual and ceremonial laws of the Torah while observing moral laws, and emphasizes the ethical call of the Prophets. tendeixen més aviat al COnservative.

Els sefardís

Rituals

Pregàries, vestimenta, celebracions, kosher, el cicle de la vida

Materials

Enciclopèdia jueva

asd

sdf

SXVIII Hasidic, Haskalah

Hasidic Judaism was founded by Yisroel ben Eliezer (1700–1760), also known as the Ba’al Shem Tov (or Besht). It originated in a time of persecution of the Jewish people when European Jews had turned inward to Talmud study; many felt that most expressions of Jewish life had become too “academic”, and that they no longer had any emphasis on spirituality or joy. Its adherents favored small and informal gatherings called Shtiebel, which, in contrast to a traditional synagogue, could be used both as a place of worship and for celebrations involving dancing, eating, and socializing. [menys teologia  més vida de comunitat]

La il·Iustració va suavitzar les lleis que impedien l’accés dels jueus al món secular. A parallel Jewish movement, Haskalah or the “Jewish Enlightenment”, began, especially in Central Europe and Western Europe, in response to both the Enlightenment and these new freedoms. It placed an emphasis on integration with secular society and a pursuit of non-religious knowledge through reason. With the promise of political emancipation, many Jews saw no reason to continue to observe Jewish law and increasing numbers of Jews assimilated into Christian Europe. Modern religious movements of Judaism all formed in reaction to this trend. In Central Europe, followed by Great Britain and the United States, Reform (or Liberal) Judaism developed, relaxing legal obligations (especially those that limited Jewish relations with non-Jews), emulating Protestant decorum in prayer, and emphasizing the ethical values of Judaism’s Prophetic tradition.

Un moviment conservador s’oposà a aquesta tendència.

S XIX El moviment Haredi es va nod

Haredi

A major historic event was the meltdown after the Universal Israelite Congress of 1868–1869 in Pest. In an attempt to unify all streams of Judaism under one constitution, the Orthodox offered the Shulchan Aruch as the ruling Code of law and observance. This was dismissed by the reformists, leading many Orthodox rabbis to resign from the Congress and form their own social and political groups.

S XX

Després de l’holocaust la major part de les comunitats Hassidiques van desaparèixer. El moviment Haredi es va nodrir sobretot de jeuus procedents de Lituània (1945) i Hongria (1956) i més tard de sefardís (1980)

S XXI

Actualment hi ha les dues tendències.

La població de jueus és a Israel, Estats Units, Canadà, UK, ARgentina i Sudàfrica. N’hi ha uns 14M, uns 6 a Israel, uns 6 als USA i la resta a Europa, Austràlia, Argentina i Sudàfrica.

S. I

Around the 1st century CE, there were several small Jewish sects: the Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, Essenes, and Christians. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, these sects vanished.^[127] Christianity survived, but by breaking with Judaism and becoming a separate religion; the Pharisees survived but in the form of Rabbinic Judaism (today, known simply as “Judaism”). The Sadducees rejected the divine inspiration of the Prophets and the Writings, relying only on the Torah as divinely inspired. Consequently, a number of other core tenets of the Pharisees’ belief system (which became the basis for modern Judaism), were also dismissed by the Sadducees. (The Samaritans practiced a similar religion, which is traditionally considered separate from Judaism.)

(KA) Per la secta dels esenis de Qumran, l’antic temple era corrupte i calia fer-ne un de nou, espiritual.

Els fariseus. Rabbins. Els fariseus eren una altra secta, la més progresista, que creien que Israel estava destinat a ser una nació santa de sacerdots. La idea que n’hem recollit del nou testament, com a xerraires hipòcrites és una deformació del segle I. Ells volien viure una vida santa en els detalls de la vida diària, la casa, tan pura com el templa, la taula del menjador, com un altar. Els jueus haurien de poder acostar-se a Déu sense la necessitat de la mediació d’un sacerdot. El gran rabbi Hillel resumia la Torah dient: no facis als altres el que no voldries per a tu. Fugint de la destrucció del temple es van fundar diferents comunitats, amb rabbins com Yojanan, Aqiba, Ishmael, que van compilar la Misnà, una posta al dia de la llei mosaica. Una sèrie d’intèrprets es van posar a comentar-la i d’aquí, fins als segles IV i V, en va sortir el Talmud.

Els rabbins van tranformar el Déu que dirigia el món des de lluny i des de dalt en un Déu gairebé tangible i present en la vida quotidiana. Aquesta forma d’spiritualitat s’ha arribat a qualificar de “misticisme normal”. També deien que, al Sinaí, cada jueu havia tingut una experiència diferent de Déu com si aquest, s’adaptés a la capacitat de comprensió de cadascu.

Diàspora

Els jueus estaven ja dispersats a diferents províncies romanes, Assíria, Egipte, Creta. Quan Hadrià els va prohibir l’accés a Jerusalem, l’emigració es va intensificar.

Over a long time, Jews formed distinct ethnic groups in several different geographic areas—amongst others, the Ashkenazi Jews (of central and Eastern Europe), the Sephardi Jews (of Spain, Portugal, and North Africa), the Beta Israel of Ethiopia, and the Yemenite Jews from the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. Many of these groups have developed differences in their prayers, traditions and accepted canons; however, these distinctions are mainly the result of their being formed at some cultural distance from normative (rabbinic) Judaism, rather than based on any doctrinal dispute.

Antisemitisme a l’edat mitjana

Les comunitats jueves van ser objecte de persecució en els àrees de domini cristià mentre que van ser tractats amb més tolerància a les àrees islàmiques