[ esborrany ]
Orígens del llenguatge |
Origen del llenguatge
[experiments llenguatge anmals 2023]
El mateix podríem dir del Dene-Caucasià, que s’hauria parlat als dos extrems del’estret de Bering, i que ara queda en zones de cabadà (esquimal), el país basc, i xina (mandarí?).
- Africans [ separació pel Sahara que s’hauria format entre 100 i 15 anys enrera)] [ hi poso els llenguatges subsaharians]: Niger–Congo (disputat) i Khoisan
- [ Fora d’Àfrica]
- [Grups de l’est ][ DENE CAUCASIAN] E
- [continent]
- [Xina] E.X Sino-Tibetan , Hmong–Mien
- (Indoxina E.I, Kra–Dai , Austroasiatic )
-
Austral E.A [ separació pel cobriment del pont de terra] Austronesian Papuan, Australian , Andamanese
- [continent]
- [Grups del NW] [ NOSTRATIC ] W
- [ continent i amèrica]
- Eurasiàtic
- Indo-European
- [ nord] Uralic, (Bàltiques, lapònia), Paleosiberian , Altaic (turc, mongol i potserkorea, Japó)
- Dravidian (sud índia)
- Afro-Asiatic (orient mitjà i nord d’àfrica), Nilo-Saharan? en vindran les llengües semítiques ( etiòpic, àrab sud, fenici, hebreu, l’arameu, àrab, babiloni, assiri) i el copte a Egipte, berber.
- Amerindi [ per trencament del pont] : Eskimo–Aleut , Algic , Uto-Aztecan, Na-Dené (and Dené–Yeniseian?), American
- Eurasiàtic
- Caucasians [ diversos llenguatges del Càucas i el basc ¿ van quedar aïllats de la resta ?] Caucasian
- [ continent i amèrica]
- [Grups de l’est ][ DENE CAUCASIAN] E
[ Les grans separacions Àfrica, Est (Xina i Austràlia), Oest (Euràsia i Amerindi) haurien tingut lloc abans del final de l’era glacial 20000 anys enrera?]
All Indo-European languages are descended from a single prehistoric language, reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European, spoken sometime in the Neolithic era. Its precise geographical location, the Indo-European urheimat, is unknown and has been the object of many competing hypotheses; the most widely accepted is the Kurgan hypothesis, which posits the urheimat to be the Pontic–Caspian steppe, associated with the Yamnaya culture around 3000 BC. By the time the first written records appeared, Indo-European had already evolved into numerous languages spoken across much of Europe and south-west Asia.
[A partir d’aquí amb les migracions tenim com a hipòtesi:] [ attestation: prova ]
- Centre
- Pre-Anatolian (4200 BC), Hitita, extingit cap el 1500
- Pre-Armenian (2800 BC)
- Pre-Greek (2500 BC)
- Oest
- Pre-Germanic (3300 BC)
- Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (3000 BC)
- Pre-Balto-Slavic (2800 BC)
- Est
- Proto-Indo-Iranian (2200 BC); split between Iranian and Old Indic 1800 BC
- Pre-Tocharian (3700 BC) zona del NW de Xina, documents escrits, extingit
1500 a 1000 BC
- Oest: The Nordic Bronze Age develops pre-Proto-Germanic, and the (pre)-Proto-Celtic Urnfield and Hallstatt cultures emerge in Central Europe, introducing the Iron Age. Migration of the Proto-Italic speakers into the Italian peninsula (Bagnolo stele)
- Centre: The Mycenaean civilization gives way to the Greek Dark Ages.
- Est: Redaction of the Rigveda and rise of the Vedic civilization in the Punjab.
1000-500BC
- Oest: The Celtic languages spread over Central and Western Europe (actualment, Irlandès, escocès, bretó). Baltic languages are spoken in a huge area from present-day Poland to the Ural Mountains.[Proto Germanic. Separation of Proto-Italic into Osco-Umbrian and Latin-Faliscan.
- Centre: Homer and the beginning of Classical Antiquity.Alfabet grec. A variety of Paleo-Balkan languages are spoken in Southern Europe. Zoroaster composes the Gathas,
- Est: Achaemenid Empire, replacing the Elamites and Babylonia. [ després Modern Persian is a continuation of Middle Persian, an official language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE), itself a continuation of Old Persian, which was used in the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE). It originated in the region of Fars (Persia) in southwestern Iran, actualment Farsi. A la Índia, the Vedic Civilization gives way to the Mahajanapadas. Siddhartha Gautama preaches Buddhism.
500 BC – 1 BC/AD:
- Centre Oest : Classical Antiquity: spread of Greek and Latin throughout the Mediterranean and, during the Hellenistic period (Indo-Greeks), to Central Asia and the Hindukush. Proto-Germanic.
- Est: Kushan Empire, Mauryan Empire.
1 BC – AD 500 Late Antiquity:
- Centre Oest: attestation of Armenian. Proto-Slavic. The Roman Empire and then the Migration period marginalize the Celtic languages to the British Isles. The last of the Anatolian languages are extinct.
- Est: Gupta period;. Sogdian, an Eastern Iranian language, becomes the lingua franca of the Silk Road in Central Asia leading to China, due to the proliferation of Sogdian merchants there.
500–1000: Early Middle Ages.
- Oest: The Viking Age forms an Old Norse koine spanning Scandinavia, the British Isles and Iceland. Slavic languages spread over wide areas in central, eastern and southeastern Europe, largely replacing Romance in the Balkans (with the exception of Romanian) and whatever was left of the paleo-Balkan languages with the exception of Albanian. [ d’aquí vindrà el rus]. [ Català escrit el 960]
- Centre: The Islamic conquest and the Turkic expansion results in the Arabization and Turkification of significant areas where Indo-European languages were spoken. Tocharian is extinct in the course of the Turkic expansion.
- Est: Northeastern Iranian (Scytho-Sarmatian) is reduced to small refugia.
1000–1500: Late Middle Ages: Attestation of Albanian and Baltic. El primer document escrit en català és de 1105, el Memorial de greuges de Guitard Isarn, senyor de Caboet, escrit per Ramón de Cabó.
1500–2000: Early Modern period to present: Colonialism results in the spread of Indo-European languages to every continent, most notably Romance (North, Central and South America, North and Sub-Saharan Africa, West Asia), West Germanic (English in North America, Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia and Australia; to a lesser extent Dutch and German), and Russian to Central Asia and North Asia.
Les llengües romàniques:
L’evolució del llatí vulgar cap a les llengües romàniques es data grosso modo de la manera següent:
Entre el 200 aC i 400 dC aproximadament: diferents formes de llatí vulgar. (pèrdua de la declinació que és substituïda per preposicions).
Entre 500 i 600: aquestes formes comencen a distingir-se entre si.
A partir de 800: es reconeix l’existència de les llengües romàniques.
Està poc documentada perquè fins al s11 no hi comença a haver documents escrits.
- Ibero-Romance: Portuguese/Galician, Asturleonese/Mirandese, Spanish, Aragonese, Ladino;
- Occitano-Romance: Catalan/Valencian, Occitan (lenga d’oc), Gascon (sometimes considered part of Occitan);
- Gallo-Romance: French/Oïl languages, Franco-Provençal (Arpitan);
- Rhaeto-Romance: Romansh, Ladin, Friulian;
- Gallo-Italic: Piedmontese, Ligurian, Lombard, Emilian, Romagnol;
- Venetian (classification disputed);
- Italo-Dalmatian: Italian (Tuscan, Corsican, Sassarese, Central Italian), Sicilian/Extreme Southern Italian, Neapolitan/Southern Italian, Dalmatian (extinct in 1898), Istriot;
- Eastern Romance: Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, Istro-Romanian;
- Sardinian.
[l’arbre no reflecteix el que el català occità ve directament del llatí i no és una branca ni del iberoromanç ni del francès]
[ el que es parla avui a les grans zones culturals del món ] Language diversity. The language family of the world that has the most speakers is the Indo-European languages, spoken by 46% of the world’s population.T his family includes major world languages like English (, Spanish, French, German, Russian, and Hindustani (Hindi/Urdu).
Àfrica: Al nord per proximitat amb orient, Afroasiàtic, subsaharians el níger Congo i Khoisan. Francès i Afrikaans per colonialisme.( Africa is home to a large number of language families, the largest of which is the Niger-Congo language family, which includes such languages as Swahili, Shona, and Yoruba. Speakers of the Niger-Congo languages account for 6.9% of the world’s population. [el Khoisan ha quedat mol reduït]. A similar number of people speak the Afroasiatic languages, which include the populous Semitic languages such as Arabic, Hebrew language, and the languages of the Sahara region, such as the Berber languages and Hausa.
Europa i Rússia: [indoeuropeu, llatins, germànics, eslaus]
Orient: [àrab] àsia central the Turkic languages of Central Asia (such as Turkish),
àsia Est: Xinès d’origen Dene Caucasian. The Sino-Tibetan languages are spoken by 20% of the world’s population and include many of the languages of East Asia, including Hakka, Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese, and hundreds of smaller languages.
Indoxina: the Austroasiatic (among them Khmer), and Tai–Kadai languages of Southeast Asia (including Thai).
Arxipèlags d’indonèsia: The Austronesian languages are spoken by 5.5% of the world’s population and stretch from Madagascar to maritime Southeast Asia all the way to Oceania. It includes such languages as Malagasy, Māori, Samoan, and many of the indigenous languages of Indonesia and Taiwan. The Austronesian languages are considered to have originated in Taiwan around 3000 BC and spread through the Oceanic region through island-hopping, based on an advanced nautical technology.
Índia: Al nord l’índic d’origen indoeuropeu, al sud, dravídiques Dravidian languages of South Asia (among them Kannada, Tamil, and Telugu),
Amèrica: Amerindi desplaçat per l’anglès al nord, castellà i portuguès al sud
Austràlia: aborígen desplaçat per l’anglès
Els llenguatges més parlats són:
Mandarin: 848
Spanish: 400
English: 328
Portuguese: 250
Arabic: 221
Hindi: 182
Bengali: 181
Russian: 144
Japanese: 122
Javanese: 84.3
Una lingüística perfecte podria traçar l’aparició de cada mot, ja sia en cultures remotes (protoindoeuropeu), ja sia en la seva introducció en cultures recents (yuppie) i les seves variacions i filiacions semàntiques (electró -> electron o àmbar en grec) i fonològiques (filius -> fill, hijo).
ETNOLOGUE | museu de les llengües: