https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_quartet
El quartet té com a antecedent la triosonata barroca, amb dos instruments sobre baix continu, i després els divertimentos per a corda.
1750 – 1765 Els quartets Fürnberg
The following purely chance circumstance had led him to try his luck at the composition of quartets. A Baron Fürnberg had a place in Weinzierl, several stages from Vienna, and he invited from time to time his pastor, his manager, Haydn, and Albrechtsberger (a brother of the celebrated contrapuntist Albrechtsberger) in order to have a little music. Fürnberg requested Haydn to compose something that could be performed by these four amateurs. Haydn, then eighteen years old, took up this proposal, and so originated his first quartet which, immediately it appeared, received such general approval that Haydn took courage to work further in this form.
Haydn escriurà 9 quartets més que es publicaran com a Opus 1 i 2
Opus 1 (1762–64)
– Quartet No. 1 in B♭ major (“La Chasse”), Op. 1, No. 1, FHE No. 52, Hoboken No. III:1
– Quartet No. 2 in E♭ major, Op. 1, No. 2, FHE No. 53, Hoboken No. III:2
– Quartet No. 3 in D major, Op. 1, No. 3, FHE No. 54, Hoboken No. III:3
– Quartet No. 4 in G major, Op. 1, No. 4, FHE No. 55, Hoboken No. III:4
– Quartet No. 5 in E♭ major, Op. 1, No. 0, Hoboken No. II:6 (also referred to as Opus 0)
– Quartet in B♭ major, Op. 1, No. 5, FHE No. 56, Hoboken No. III:5 (later found to be the Symphony A, Hob. I/107)
– Quartet No. 6 in C major, Op. 1, No. 6, FHE No. 57, Hoboken No. III:6
Opus 2 (1763–65) The two quartets numbered 3 and 5 are spurious arrangements by an unknown hand.
– Quartet No. 7 in A major, Op. 2, No. 1, FHE No. 58, Hoboken No. III:7
– Quartet No. 8 in E major, Op. 2, No. 2, FHE No. 59, Hoboken No. III:8
– Quartet in E♭ major, Op. 2, No. 3, FHE No. 60 (arrangement of Cassation in E-flat major, Hob. II:21), Hoboken No. III:9
– Quartet No. 9 in F major, Op. 2, No. 4, FHE No. 61, Hoboken No. III:10
– Quartet in D major, Op. 2, No. 5, FHE No. 62 (arrangement of Cassation in D major, Hob. II:22), Hoboken No. III:11
– Quartet No. 10 in B♭ major, Op. 2, No. 6, FHE No. 63, Hoboken No. III:12
The Fürnberg quartets already take the soloistic ensemble for granted, including solo cello without continuo. They belong to the larger class of ensemble divertimentos, with which they share small outward dimensions, prevailing light tone (except in slow movements) and a five-movement pattern, usually fast–minuet–slow–minuet–fast. Even on this small scale, high and subtle art abounds: witness the rhythmic vitality, instrumental dialogue and controlled form of the first movement of op.1 no.1 in B; the wide-ranging development and free recapitulation in the first movement of op.2 no.4 in F, and the pathos in its slow movement; and the consummate mastery of op.2 nos.1–2. [Del Grove Dictionary]
Opus 9, 17 i 20. 1769 – 1772
Opus 9 (1769)
– Quartet No. 11 in D minor, Op. 9, No. 4, FHE No. 16, Hoboken No. III:22
– Quartet No. 12 in C major, Op. 9, No. 1, FHE No. 7, Hoboken No. III:19
– Quartet No. 13 in G major, Op. 9, No. 3, FHE No. 9, Hoboken No. III:21
– Quartet No. 14 in E♭ major, Op. 9, No. 2, FHE No. 8, Hoboken No. III:20
– Quartet No. 15 in B♭ major, Op. 9, No. 5, FHE No. 17, Hoboken No. III:23
– Quartet No. 16 in A major, Op. 9, No. 6, FHE No. 18, Hoboken No. III:24
Opus 17 (1771)
– Quartet No. 17 in F major, Op. 17, No. 2, FHE No. 2, Hoboken No. III:26
– Quartet No. 18 in E major, Op. 17, No. 1, FHE No. 1, Hoboken No. III:25
– Quartet No. 19 in C minor, Op. 17, No. 4, FHE No. 4, Hoboken No. III:28
– Quartet No. 20 in D major, Op. 17, No. 6, FHE No. 6, Hoboken No. III:30
– Quartet No. 21 In E♭ major, Op. 17, No. 3, FHE No. 3, Hoboken No. III:27
– Quartet No. 22 in G major, Op. 17, No. 5, FHE No. 5, Hoboken No. III:29
Opus 20, the “Sun” quartets (1772) The nickname “Sun” refers to the image of a rising sun, an emblem of the publisher, on the cover page of the first edition.
– Quartet No. 23 in F minor, Op. 20, No. 5, FHE No. 47, Hoboken No. III:35
– Quartet No. 24 in A major, Op. 20, No. 6, FHE No. 48, Hoboken No. III:36
– Quartet No. 25 in C major, Op. 20, No. 2, FHE No. 44, Hoboken No. III:32
– Quartet No. 26 in G minor, Op. 20, No. 3, FHE No. 45, Hoboken No. III:33
– Quartet No. 27 in D major, Op. 20, No. 4, FHE No. 46, Hoboken No. III:34
– Quartet No. 28 in E♭ major, Op. 20, No. 1, FHE No. 43, Hoboken No. III:31
Opp.9, 17 and 20 established the four-movement form with two outer fast movements, a slow movement and a minuet (although in this period the minuet usually precedes the slow movement). They also – op.20 in particular – established the larger dimensions, higher aesthetic pretensions and greater emotional range that were to characterize the genre from this point onwards. They are important exemplars of Haydn’s Sturm und Drang manner: four works are in the minor (op.9 no.4, op.17 no.4, op.20 nos.3 and 5); and nos.2, 5 and 6 from op.20 include fugal finales. Op.20 no.2 exhibits a new degree of cyclic integration with its ‘luxuriantly’ scored opening movement (Tovey, N1929–30), its minor-mode Capriccio slow movement which runs on, attacca, to the minuet (which itself mixes major and minor), and the combined light-serious character of the fugue. Op.17 no.5 and op.20 also expand the resources of quartet texture, as in the opening of op.20 no.2, where the cello has the melody, a violin takes the inner part and the viola executes the bass.
OP9.2 OP9.3 OP17.4 OP20.5 OP20.2 OP20.3
Op. 33, (42), 50, 54-55 1781 – 1788
Opus 33, the “Russian” quartets (1781) were written by in the summer and Autumn of 1781 for the Viennese publisher Artaria. This set of quartets has several nicknames, the most common of which is the “Russian” quartets, because Haydn dedicated the quartets to the Grand Duke Paul of Russia and many (if not all) of the quartets were premiered on Christmas Day, 1781, at the Viennese apartment of the Duke’s wife, the Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna.
– Quartet No. 29 in G major (“How Do You Do?”), Op. 33, No. 5, FHE No. 74, Hoboken No. III:41
– Quartet No. 30 in E♭ major (“The Joke”), Op. 33, No. 2, FHE No. 71, Hoboken No. III:38
– Quartet No. 31 in B minor, Op. 33, No. 1, FHE No. 70, Hoboken No. III:37
– Quartet No. 32 in C major (“The Bird”), Op. 33, No. 3, FHE No. 72, Hoboken No. III:39
– Quartet No. 33 in D major, Op. 33, No. 6, FHE No. 75, Hoboken No. III:42
– Quartet No. 34 in B♭ major, Op. 33, No. 4, FHE No. 73, Hoboken No. III:40
In op.33 these extremes are replaced by smaller outward dimensions, a more intimate tone, fewer extremes of expression, subtlety of instrumentation, wit (as in the ‘Joke’ finale of no.2 in E) and a newly popular style (e.g. in no.3 in C, the second group of the first movement, the trio and the finale). Haydn now prefers homophonic, periodic themes rather than irregularly shaped or contrapuntal ones; as a corollary, the phrase rhythm is infinitely variable. The slow movements and finales favour ABA and rondo forms rather than sonata form. However, these works are anything other than light or innocent: no.1 in B minor is serious throughout (the understated power of its ambiguous tonal opening has never been surpassed), as are the slow movements of nos.2 and 5. Op.33 has been taken as marking Haydn’s achievement of ‘thematische Arbeit’ (the flexible exchange of musical functions and development of the motivic material by all the parts within a primarily homophonic texture); although drastically oversimplified, this notion has had great historiographical influence. These quartets’ play with the conventions of genre and musical procedure is of unprecedented sophistication; in thus being ‘music about music’, these quartets were arguably the first modern works.
The appearance of op.33 was the first major event in what was to become the crucial decade for the Viennese string quartet, as Mozart and many other composers joined Haydn in cultivating the genre. Indeed, all the elements of Classical quartet style as it has usually been understood first appeared together in Mozart’s set dedicated to Haydn (1782–5). He responded in opp.50, 54/55 and 64 by combining the serious tone and large scale of op.20 with the ‘popular’ aspects and lightly worn learning of op.33. The minuet now almost invariably appears in third position; the slow movements, in ABA, variation or double variation form are more melodic than those in op.33; the finales, usually in sonata or sonata rondo form, are weightier. Haydn’s art is no longer always subtle; the opening of op.50 no.1 in B, with its softly pulsating solo cello pedal followed by the dissonant entry of the upper strings high above, is an overt stroke of genius, whose implications he draws out throughout the movement.
Opus 42 (1784)
– Quartet No. 35 in D minor, Op. 42, FHE No. 15, Hoboken No. III:43
Opus 50, the “Prussian” quartets (1787) was dedicated to King Frederick William II of Prussia. For this reason the set is commonly known as the Prussian Quartets. Haydn sold the set to the Viennese firm Artaria and, without Artaria’s knowledge, to the English publisher William Forster. Forster published it as Haydn’s Opus 44
– Quartet No. 36 in B♭ major, Op. 50, No. 1, FHE No. 10, Hoboken No. III:44
– Quartet No. 37 in C major, Op. 50, No. 2, FHE No. 11, Hoboken No. III:45
– Quartet No. 38 in E♭ major, Op. 50, No. 3, FHE No. 12, Hoboken No. III:46
– Quartet No. 39 in F♯ minor, Op. 50, No. 4, FHE No. 25, Hoboken No. III:47
– Quartet No. 40 in F major (“Dream”), Op. 50, No. 5, FHE No. 26, Hoboken No. III:48
– Quartet No. 41 in D major (“The Frog”), Op. 50, No. 6, FHE No. 27, Hoboken o. III:49
Opus 54, 55, the “Tost” quartets, set I (1788), Named after Johann Tost, a violinist in the Esterhazy orchestra from 1783–89.[3]
– Quartet No. 42 in C major, Op. 54, No. 2, FHE No. 20, Hoboken No. III:57
– Quartet No. 43 in G major, Op. 54, No. 1, FHE No. 19, Hoboken No. III:58
– Quartet No. 44 in E major, Op. 54, No. 3, FHE No. 21, Hoboken No. III:59
– Quartet No. 45 in A major, Op. 55, No. 1, FHE No. 22, Hoboken No. III:60
– Quartet No. 46 in F minor (“Razor”), Op. 55, No. 2, FHE No. 23, Hoboken No. III:61
– Quartet No. 47 in B♭ major, Op. 55, No. 3, FHE No. 24, Hoboken No. III:62
OP33.2 OP33.5 OP50.1 OP50.6 OP54.3
Londres Opus 64 Tost 71-74 Apponyi 1790-1793
Opus 64, the “Tost” quartets, set II (1790)
– Quartet No. 48 in C major, Op. 64, No. 1, FHE No. 31, Hoboken No. III:65
– Quartet No. 49 in B minor, Op. 64, No. 2, FHE No. 32, Hoboken No. III:68
– Quartet No. 50 in B♭ major, Op. 64, No. 3, FHE No. 33, Hoboken No. III:67
– Quartet No. 51 in G major, Op. 64, No. 4, FHE No. 34, Hoboken No. III:66
– Quartet No. 52 in E♭ major, Op. 64, No. 6, FHE No. 36, Hoboken No. III:64
– Quartet No. 53 in D major (“The Lark”), Op. 64, No. 5, FHE No. 35, Hoboken No. III:63
Opus 71, 74, the “Apponyi” quartets (1793), Count Anton Georg Apponyi, a relative of Haydn’s patrons, paid 100 ducats for the privilege of having these quartets publicly dedicated to him.
– Quartet No. 54 in B♭ major, Op. 71, No. 1, FHE No. 37, Hoboken No. III:69
– Quartet No. 55 in D major, Op. 71, No. 2, FHE No. 38, Hoboken No. III:70
– Quartet No. 56 in E♭ major, Op. 71, No. 3, FHE No. 39, Hoboken No. III:71
– Quartet No. 57 in C major, Op. 74, No. 1, FHE No. 28, Hoboken No. III:72
– Quartet No. 58 in F major, Op. 74, No. 2, FHE No. 29, Hoboken No. III:73
– Quartet No. 59 in G minor (“Rider”), Op. 74, No. 3, FHE No. 30, Hoboken No. III:74
Haydn’s quartets of the 1790s adopt a demonstratively ‘public’ style (often miscalled ‘orchestral’), usually attributed to his experience in London (op.71/74 was composed for his second visit there); the fireworks for Salomon in the exposition of op.74 no.1 in C are an obvious example of this new style. Without losing his grip on the essentials of quartet style or his sovereign mastery of form, he expands the dimensions still further, incorporating more original themes (the octave leaps in the first movement of op.71 no.2), bolder contrasts, distantly related keys (from G minor to E major in op.74 no.3) etc. Opp.76–7, composed back in Vienna, carry this process still further, to the point of becoming extroverted and at times almost eccentric: see the first movements of op.76 no.2 in D minor, with its obsessive 5ths, and of op.76 no.3 in C, with its exuberant ensemble writing and the gypsy episode in the development, or the almost reckless finales of nos.2, 5 and 6 and op.77. He experimented as well with the organization of the cycle: op.76 nos.1 and 3, though in the major, have finales in the minor (reverting to the major at the end), while nos.5–6 begin with non-sonata movements in moderate tempo (but a fast concluding section), so that the weight of the form rests on their unusual slow movements (the Largo in F of no.5, the tonally wandering Fantasia of no.6).
OP64.3 OP64.2 OP71.3 OP74.3 OP74.1
Viena Opus 76-77 (1796 – 1799)
Opus 76, the “Erdödy” quartets (1796–1797)
– Quartet No. 60 in G major, Op. 76, No. 1, FHE No. 40, Hoboken No. III:75
– Quartet No. 61 in D minor (“Quinten”, “Fifths”, “The Donkey”), Op. 76, No. 2, FHE No. 41, Hoboken No. III:76
– Quartet No. 62 in C major (“Emperor” or “Kaiser”), Op. 76, No. 3, FHE No. 42, Hoboken No. III:77
– Quartet No. 63 in B♭ major (“Sunrise”), Op. 76, No. 4, FHE No. 49, Hoboken No. III:78
– Quartet No. 64 in D major (“Largo”), Op. 76, No. 5, FHE No. 50, Hoboken No. III:79
– Quartet No. 65 in E♭ major, Op. 76, No. 6, FHE No. 51, Hoboken No. III:80
Opus 77, the “Lobkowitz” quartets (1799)
– Quartet No. 66 in G major, Op. 77, No. 1, FHE No. 13, Hoboken No. III:81
– Quartet No. 67 in F major, Op. 77, No. 2, FHE No. 14, Hoboken No. III:82