Pregàries
Traditionally, Jews recite prayers three times daily, Shacharit, Mincha, and Ma’ariv with a fourth prayer, Mussaf added on Shabbat and holidays.
Vestimenta
Quipà: yarmulke en Yiddish) is a slightly rounded brimless skullcap worn by many Jews while praying, eating, reciting blessings, or studying Jewish religious texts, and at all times by some Jewish men.
Tsitsit i Tallit: cordons amb nusos que simbolitzen diferents coses al extrems d’un tallit, tela a franges que es porta sobre la camisa. In the Sephardi community, boys wear a tallit from bar mitzvah age. In some Ashkenazi communities, it is customary to wear one only after marriage. A tallit katan (small tallit) is a fringed garment worn under the clothing throughout the day. In some Orthodox circles, the fringes are allowed to hang freely outside the clothing.
Tefillin o filacteris, petites capses de cuir que contenen uns versos de la bíblia i que es lliguen al front. [un concepte bonic que es podria traslladar per dur poesies].
Celebracions
Shabbat, del vespre de divendres al vespre de dissabte, commemorates God’s day of rest after six days of creation. It plays a pivotal role in Jewish practice and is governed by a large corpus of religious law. At sundown on Friday, the woman of the house welcomes the Shabbat by lighting two or more candles and reciting a blessing. The evening meal begins with the Kiddush, a blessing recited aloud over a cup of wine, and the Mohtzi, a blessing recited over the bread. It is customary to have challah, two braided loaves of bread, on the table. During Shabbat, Jews are forbidden to engage in any activity that falls under 39 categories of melakhah, translated literally as “work”.
David Brooks en un article cita el que denomiona filòsof del temps, el Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel. In his great book “The Sabbath,” he points out that the first sacred thing in the Bible is not a thing, it is a time period, the seventh day. Judaism, he argues, is primarily a religion of time, not space. “The seventh day,” he writes, “is a palace in time which we build. It is made of soul, of joy and reticence. In its atmosphere, a discipline is a reminder of adjacency to eternity. Indeed, the splendor of the day is expressed in terms of abstentions.” The Sabbath, he continues, is not a rest from the other six days. It is the peak experience the other six days point toward. On this day the Orthodox do less and in slowness can glimpse the seeds of eternity. Sabbath, Heschel concludes, “is endowed with a felicity which enraptures the soul, which glides into our thoughts with a healing sympathy. It is a day on which hours do not oust one another. It is a day that can soothe all sadness away. No one, even the unlearned, crude man, can remain insensitive to its beauty.”
Hi ha tres festes de peregrinatge:
- Péssah, la pasqua jueva ( Passover ) una setmana de vacances que commemora l’ Èxode d’Egipte. Antigament coincidia amb la collita d el’ordi. En la festa del Seder, a casa, es narra l’Èxode, es comenta, es beu vi i aliments simbòlics. No es menja pa que hagi pujat amb llevat sinó Matzo .
- Xavuot (Pentecosta Shavuot ) celebra la revelació de la Torah al Sinaí. Antigament coincidia amb la collita del blat. Es fan maratons d’estudid e l Torah que duren tota la nit i es mengen formatges.
- Sukkot o la festa dels tabernacles. Commemora els 40 anys de travessa pel desert. Es construeixen cabanes temporals (sukkot). Coincideix amb la collita de la fruita. Marca el final del cicle de lectura de la Torah.
Són dies especials el Rosh Hashanah (cap d’any), el Yom Kippur, celebrat a la tardor, el dia més sagrat pels jueus, en que es prega pel perdó dels pecats, el Purim cap el febrer, que celebra l’allliberament dels perses lelgint el llibre d’Esther, una festa alegre on es comparteix menjar i beguda.
La Hanukkah, el festival de les llums, són 8 dies en que es commemora la victòria dels macabeus sobre Antíoc que al segleII volia hel·lenitzar ISrael. Cada dia s’encén una espelma (suposadament, després que Antíoc arrasés el temple, només quedava oli per mantenir encesa la flama un dia, però en va durar vuit, que és el que es tardava en preparar i consagrar més oli). Hanukkah is not mentioned in the Bible and was never considered a major holiday in Judaism, but it has become much more visible and widely celebrated in modern times, mainly because it falls around the same time as Christmas and has national Jewish overtones that have been emphasized since the establishment of the State of Israel. (8+1 branques).
La sinagoga és un edifici de trobada per pregar i estudiar. HI ha una arca que conté la Torah i un llum d’oli (llum eterna) que fa referència a la Menorah de 7 braços del temple de Jerusalem que desaparegué en ser saquejat pels romans. [La menorah de la Hanukka és per les cases]. Simboliltza la il·luminació universal. [ara no hi ha cap Temple, el tercer es considera però a nivell simbòlic. les famílies, en tenen dues? és pels edificis oficials?]
Kosker
Lleis Kashrut. Many of the laws apply to animal-based foods. For example, in order to be considered kosher, mammals must have split hooves and chew their cud. The pig is arguably the most well-known example of a non-kosher animal. Although it has split hooves, it does not chew its cud. For seafood to be kosher, the animal must have fins and scales. Certain types of seafood, such as shellfish, crustaceans, and eels, are therefore considered non-kosher.Els animals s’han de matar seguint un procediment determinat. Tampoc es pot menjar alhora carn i productes làctics.
El cicle de la vida
- Brit milah – Welcoming male babies into the covenant through the rite of circumcision on their eighth day of life. The baby boy is also given his Hebrew name in the ceremony. A naming ceremony intended as a parallel ritual for girls, named zeved habat or brit bat, enjoys limited popularity.
- Bar mitzvah and Bat mitzvah – This passage from childhood to adulthood takes place when a female Jew is twelve and a male Jew is thirteen years old among Orthodox and some Conservative congregations. In the Reform movement, both girls and boys have their bat/bar mitzvah at age thirteen. This is often commemorated by having the new adults, male only in the Orthodox tradition, lead the congregation in prayer and publicly read a “portion” of the Torah.
- Marriage – Marriage is an extremely important lifecycle event. A wedding takes place under a chuppah, or wedding canopy, which symbolizes a happy house. At the end of the ceremony, the groom breaks a glass with his foot, symbolizing the continuous mourning for the destruction of the Temple, and the scattering of the Jewish people.
- Death and Mourning – Judaism has a multi-staged mourning practice. The first stage is called the shiva (literally “seven”, observed for one week) during which it is traditional to sit at home and be comforted by friends and family, the second is the shloshim (observed for one month) and for those who have lost one of their parents, there is a third stage, avelut yud bet chodesh, which is observed for eleven months.